<p>Los Cerritos Ranch House, also known as Rancho Los Cerritos or Casa de los Cerritos, in Long Beach, California, was "the largest and most impressive adobe residence erected in southern California during the Mexican period".</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The structure, a Monterey Colonial adobe, was built in 1844 by merchant Jonathan Temple, a Yankee pioneer who became a Mexican citizen. The house was once the headquarters for a 27,000 acre ranch; the major activity on the ranch was cattle and sheep.</p><br>
<p>The land was part of the 167,000 acre Rancho Los Nietos land grant to Manuel Nieto that was eventually divided into six parcels, one of which was Rancho los Cerritos. In 1843, Temple purchased the rancho and built the adobe house in 1844 as headquarters for his cattle operations. In 1866, Temple sold the rancho to Flint, Bixby & Co. which converted the ranch from cattle to sheep. Jotham Bixby, the brother of one of the company&#39;s founders, managed and resided at the ranch from 1866-1871. Jotham Bixby, known as the "father of Long Beach", eventually purchased the property for himself and raised seven children at the adobe.</p><br>
<p>Beginning in the late 1870s, Bixby began leasing or selling portions of the ranch, which became the cities of Downey, Paramount and Lakewood. Between the 1870s and 1920, the adobe fell into disrepair. In 1929, Llewellyn Bixby (Jothams nephew) purchased the property, and made extensive renovations to the house, including plaster cement coating, a new red-tiled roof, electricity, plumbing, fireplaces, a sun porch, new floors and much of the landscaping. Llewellyn Bixby died in 1942, and the family sold the house to the City of Long Beach in 1955. The City turned the house into a museum dedicated to educating the public about Californias rancho period.</p><br>
<h2>Operation as a museum</h2><br>
<p>Rancho Los Cerritos Historic Site was converted into, and remains, a public museum operated by the Rancho Los Cerritos Foundation in partnership with the City of Long Beach. It is open for tours, programs and events on Wednesdays through Sundays. The house is furnished in a Victorian fashion as it would have been when Jotham Bixby raised his family there in the 1870s. There is a visitor center with exhibits about the site&#39;s history from Native American times to the present. A formal Italian garden includes orange and cypress trees planted by Temple. The center also features a 3,000-volume California history research library and a gift shop. The Friends of Rancho Los Cerritos support the museum and its activities.</p><br>
<p>The museum was closed for 17 months from 2001-2002 to allow for seismic retrofitting, removal of lead paint and asbestos insulation, brickwork repairs and modifications to improve accessibility for the disabled.</p><br>
<p>Store Lungegårdsvannet is a bay located in the city and municipality of Bergen in Hordaland county, Norway. The bay separates the city centre, located in the borough of Bergenhus, from the southern boroughs of the city, Årstad, Fana, and Ytrebygda. The bay is situated at the end of the Puddefjorden.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The bay is named after the farm of Lungegården, the estate of the Danish nobleman Vincens Lunge. In the Middle Ages, the bay was named Alrekstadvågen, after the royal farm of Alrekstad. Historically, the lake Lille Lungegårdsvannet was located just northwest of the bay, and it emptied into the bay. In the 1930s, the bay, and the area surrounding it, was an attractive recreation for the inhabitants of the city, with boat harbours and beaches. Starting in the 1950s, the bay was seen as a resource for the city to cover the acute need for free, unused land. As a result, there have been several large parts of the bay, mainly on the northern shore, that were filled in. In fact, so much land was filled in that there is no longer any connection between this bay and the lake Lille Lungegårdsvannet. There is actually over 700 m of land between the now-landlocked lake and the bay. The Nygård Bridge crosses the western end of the bay, as the water flows into the Puddefjorden.</p><br>
<h2>Commerce</h2><br>
<p>It has a marina (as of 2014).</p><br>
<p>Halsway Manor  is a manor house in Halsway, Somerset. It is owned by the Halsway Manor Society who operate the manor as a national centre for the folk arts. It is the only residential folk centre in the UK. It is situated off the A358 road between Taunton and Williton on the edge of the Quantock Hills.</p><br>
<h2>Buildings</h2><br>
<p>Halsway manor was held in 1086 by Roger de Courcelles with Alric, the owner in 1066, as his tenant. The manor passed through many owners down to 1965 and these are listed in the Victoria County History for Somerset, Volume 5.</p><br>
<p>The eastern end of the building dates from the fifteenth century; the western end is a nineteenth-century addition. The manor house, which is mentioned in the Domesday Book, is claimed to have been built by Cardinal Beaufort as a hunting lodge. At one point it was occupied by insurrectionist Jack Cade. when it became the folk music centre. It has been designated by English Heritage as a grade II* listed building. There is a ballroom, library and lounge bar with an impressive entrance hall. The latter has oak panelling and staircase, with an open fireplace and barrel ceiling. The mews is now used for accommodation.</p><br>
<p>In 1859, John Henry Parker wrote in his Account of Domestic Architecture:</p><br>
<h2>Folk Centre</h2><br>
<p>Halsway Manor Society Ltd was registered as a charity on 8 March 1966 to promote participation in the folk arts — traditional folk music, dance, song, storytelling, folklore and related arts and crafts — through a year-round programme of residential courses, classes, events and activities for people of all ages and abilities. Participants come from all over the country and abroad. Local people are encouraged to get involved through regular dance and music clubs, concerts, an annual festival, fete and craft fairs.</p><br>
<p>Joaquin Miller House, also known as The Abbey and The Hights, in Oakland, California, United States was the home of poet Joaquin Miller.</p><br>
<h2>Joaquin Miller</h2><br>
<p>From 1886 to his death in 1913, Joaquin Miller resided on a hill in Oakland, in a home he called "The Hights". He planted the surrounding trees and he personally built, on the eminence to the north, his own funeral pyre (not used) and monuments dedicated to Moses, explorer General John C. Frémont, and the poets Robert Browning and Elizabeth Barrett Browning. The Japanese poet Yone Noguchi began his literary career while living in the cabin adjoining Millers&#39; during the latter half of the 1890s.</p><br>
<h2>Landmark</h2><br>
<p>The Hights was purchased by the city of Oakland in 1919. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1962. The simple Victorian style house is also listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 15, 1966.</p><br>
<p>The Joaquin Miller House is located within Joaquin Miller Park, at Joaquin Miller Road and Sanborn Drive in the Oakland Hills.</p><br>
<p>Modjeska House, also known as Arden, is a house designed by Stanford White in Modjeska Canyon, California. It is significant for being the only surviving home of Helena Modjeska, a Shakespearean actress and Polish patriot.</p><br>
<h2>Background</h2><br>
<p>Modjeska came to America with her husband Count Karol Bozenta Chłapowski in 1876 from Poland, and created a retreat for when she was not performing on stage. To design a large Victorian country house, she hired one of America’s leading architects, Stanford White. They named it "Arden" after the forest setting of Shakespeare&#39;s play As You Like It and planted gardens with olive trees, palms, English yews, white lilac, and crown of thorns. It was their home from 1888 until 1906.</p><br>
<h2>Post-Modjeska years</h2><br>
<p>After the property was sold, the romance associated with Modjeska&#39;s life attracted developers who marketed parcels of the property for vacation homes. From 1908 to 1923 Gustave A. Schweiger bought and operated the home as a resort, a B & B. In 1923, the Walker family of Long Beach purchased prime parcels in the canyon that included the Modjeska house and its surrounding wooded area.</p><br>
<h2>Historic site</h2><br>
<p>Modjeska House was declared a California Historical Landmark in 1935.</p><br>
<p>In 1986, the Orange County Harbors, Beaches and Parks Authority purchased the 14.4-acre property for $1 million and established it as a historical site. A major restoration occurred before the site could be opened to the public. The original house had no indoor plumbing or utilities. A limited number of visitors are allowed on tours. Directions to the park are given after making reservations.</p><br>
<p>It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1990.</p><br>
<p>The property is located in a live oak grove on the banks of Santiago Creek in Modjeska Canyon, California.</p><br>
<p>Zvornik Lake  is an artificial lake located on the border of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia. It was created after construction of a hydroelectric power station in 1954 on the Drina river.</p><br>
<h2>Wildlife</h2><br>
<p>The lake is known for the large wels catfishes. It is believed that the depths of the lake are inhabited by the gigantic catfishes, up to 3 m long with the weight of over 100 kg. Such a large specimens have not been caught yet and in July 2017 a divers were employed to explore the part of the lake. The waters of the lake are murky and at the depths of 5 to 6 m, the visibility is zero. The divers reached 15 m, but didn&#39;t discover such a large fishes, though few days before the dive, a specimen 1.86 m long which weighted 37 kg have been caught near the mouth of the Boranja river. Since 1998, an annual catfish hunt festivity Somovijada, has been held. The heaviest fish caught in the lake measured 87 kg.</p><br>
<p>The Hyde Park Firehouse is located along USA Route 9 in Hyde Park, New York. It was built in 1902 as the headquarters for the Eagle Engine and Rescue fire company, which later became part of the Hyde Park Fire Department and moved to newer quarters a block further up Route 9. Architects John O&#39;Donnell and William J. Beardsley designed the building in a Renaissance Revival architectural style. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1993.</p><br>
<p>The building currently serves as a local history museum for the Town of Hyde Park Historical Society. The historical society&#39;s museum there is open from June through October on Saturdays and Sundays, with a collection from the townspeople including historical items like the voting machine used by Roosevelt in 1932 when he ran against Herbert Hoover.</p><br>
<p>The Dallas County Courthouse, built in 1892 of red sandstone with rusticated marble accents, is a historic governmental building located at 100 South Houston Street in Dallas, Texas. Also known as the Old Red Courthouse, it is now  the Old Red Museum, a local history museum. It was designed in the Richardsonian Romanesque style of architecture by architect Max A. Orlopp, Jr. of the Little Rock, Arkansas based firm Orlopp & Kusener. In 1966 it was replaced by a newer courthouse building nearby. On December 12, 1976, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places. In 2005&ndash;2007 the building was renovated.</p><br>
<p>Old Red Museum January 2016 10.jpgMuseum interior</p><br>
<p>Old Red Museum January 2016 03 (Early Years Gallery).jpgEarly Years Gallery</p><br>
<p>Old Red Museum January 2016 05 (Trading Center Gallery).jpgTrading Center Gallery</p><br>
<p>Old Red Museum January 2016 07 (Big "D" Gallery).jpgBig "D" Gallery</p><br>
<p>Old Red Museum January 2016 08 (World Crossroads Gallery).jpgWorld Crossroads Gallery</p><br>
<p>Old Red Museum January 2016 09 (Childrens Education Center).jpgChildrens Education Center</p><br>
<p>Dallas County Courthouse (1909).jpgDallas County Courthouse postcard, circa 1909</p><br>
<p>Ignatievka Cave  is a large limestone cave on the banks of the Sim River, a tributary of the Belaya river in the southern Ural mountains of Russia. In 1980 a parietal wall painting of a venus figure was discovered. The twenty-eight red dots between her legs are believed to represent the female menstrual cycle.</p><br>
<p>The cave also contains microliths, remains of animals and more cave paintings, as well as a stratum of Iron Age settlement. Although some sources associate the paintings to the Upper Paleolithic, radiocarbon dating of the pigments has resulted in more recent numbers, between 6,000 and 8,000 years ago.</p><br>
<p>Ignateva Cave can be freely visited although it is best to travel via the small village of Serpiyevke, which is off the main road past Sim, Chelyabinsk Oblast, heading eastwards, about 15 km. The track to the cave is very rough and has not been improved for years. The cave mouth is about 18 m above the small river backwater and reached by a metal ladder. On entering the cave visitors must stoop low as the ceiling lowers quickly to about 1 m in height, and then it increases again to 2 m or more. Part of the inner cave can only be reached by crawling through a very narrow space about 0.5 m in height but this provides views of some of the better red ochre markings. The local guide from Serpiyevke noted that the cave was not lived in (there were no fire markings), but hypothesized that it was a sacred site mainly used for religious ceremonies and adulthood rites from the markings.</p><br>
<p>The Kapova cave is located some 120 km from the Ignatievka cave.</p><br>
<p>The King Block is a historic apartment house at 117 High Street, Barton, Vermont, United States. It was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places on July 20, 2002. Built in 1870 and expanded several times, it is a well-preserved example of tenement-style worker housing of the late 19th century.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The King Block is located just outside the downtown area of Barton, on the west side of High Street north of Eastern Avenue. It is a three-story wood frame building composed of several structures which were joined together. The oldest portion dates to 1870, and started out as an Italianate single-family house. By the 1890s it was being used by multiple families with shared entries but separate living units. Further changes, completed by 1921, brought the building to its present shape. It presents a twelve-bay facade to the street, with four separate entrances, each sheltered by a gabled hood. Due to the sloping nature of the lot, the south and west sides present the basement level as well. The south-facing side facade is three bays wide, with a cross-gabled roof above that is pierced by a single shed-roof dormer. The west facade, overlooking a railroad right-of-way, is adorned with porches on each level.</p><br>
<p>The building has had a number of owners through its period of alteration between 1870 and 1921. Its owner in the late 1910s and 1920s was James C. King, a local real estate agent, and it was in the 1920s that it became known as the "King Block". The historic modifications to the building reflect the periods of expansion of Barton&#39;s milling and manufacturing industries. The building exhibits typical design features of large tenements built in the state in the late 19th and early 20th centuries such as the multiple entry doors on the front façade and multi-level Colonial Revival style rear porch.</p><br>
<p>Lake Rotoroa  is a lake in Hamilton, Waikato, North Island, New Zealand.</p><br>
<p>It has a surface area of about 54 hectares and an average depth of 2.4 metres.</p><br>
<p>It is the home of the Hamilton Yacht Club, which holds regular sailing in the summer.</p><br>
<p>Innes Common, to the west, is 68 acre of former wetland, bought by the Domain Board to protect the lake and drained some time after 1883. It was named after the Innes family from 1956.</p><br>
<p>Near the cafe, a shelter covers the old locomotive, F230, donated in 1957.</p><br>
<p>On Ruakiwi Rd an ivy-covered memorial arch to Arthur Swarbrick, former chairman of the Hamilton Domain Board, dates from 1929.</p><br>
<p>The lake is sometimes affected by cyanobacteria, due to its high nutrient levels. However, the eutrophic quality of the lake has improved since 1998 due to regrowth of macrophytes, such as charophytes.</p><br>
<h2>Sports</h2><br>
<p>Lake Rotoroa is a venue for many sports.</p><br>
<p>At Innes Common, a park on the east side of the lake is the.</p><br>
<p>Innes Common also provides the best access to the lake for watersports. Small sailing boats and canoes are frequently seen on the lake. The lake is too small for rowing skiffs because as soon as they get up to top speed they have to stop. The lake is better suited to slower boats that can turn easily.</p><br>
<p>The 3.8 km scenic path around the lake makes it a suitable venue for walking and running. The is based at the Hamilton Yacht Club and meets there for runs every Thursday evening and Saturday morning, as well as hosting a running event at the lake each year in summer. There are water fountains at the playground at the north-west side of the lake and also at Innes Common.</p><br>
<p>There are also short bush walks and a small golf green on the west side of the lake.</p><br>
<p>Coochiemudlo Island is a small island in the southern part of Moreton Bay, near Brisbane, in South East Queensland, Australia. It is also the name of the locality upon the island, but the town is officially called Coochie, both of which are within the local government area of Redland City.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The island is approximately 1 km from Victoria Point, also in Redland City. A natural cliff composed of iron-rich rock is exposed on the south western side of the island. Sandy beaches wrap around the island&#39;s southern, eastern and northern sides. Mangroves cover the western foreshore of the island.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The name Coochiemudlo is an anglicised version of the Yuggera words kutchi (meaning red) and mudlo (meaning stone).</p><br>
<p>The European explorer Matthew Flinders landed on Coochiemudlo Island on 19 July 1799, while he was searching for a river in the southern part of Moreton Bay. The original European name was Innis Island from 1825 to 1850. The island celebrates Flinders Day annually, commemorating the landing of Flinders. The celebrations are usually held on a weekend near 19 July, the actual date of the landing.</p><br>
<h2>Transport and services</h2><br>
<p>The island is serviced by a passenger ferry, operating approximately every half-hour between about 5:00am and 11:00pm. A vehicular barge also operates regular services to and from the island. Due to the relatively small area, a car is not essential for getting around the island.</p><br>
<p>A small kiosk situated not far from the jetty serves refreshments. The Red Rock Cafe is also on the island, open 6 days per week (closed on Monday). Coffee, drinks, meals and open for dinner on the weekend plus a few other evenings.</p><br>
<h2>Wildlife</h2><br>
<p>There are many types of wildlife present on the island. It is well known for its birdlife including sea eagles, brahmani kites, magpies, rosellas, butcher birds,pheasants and a large growing colony of stone curlews which are counted each year.</p><br>
<p>The waters around Coochiemudlo abound in dugongs, turtles and dolphins.</p><br>
<p>There is a very interesting walk through the Melalueca Wetland Reserve with a great variety of native plants and trees.</p><br>
<h2>Demography</h2><br>
<p>At the the population of the Coochiemudlo Island was 658 people. Over 43% were more than 54 years old. Of families 58.2% were couples without children. The most common responses for religious affiliation were "No Religion" at 24.2% which is well above the Australian average of 18.7%. 269 said that they were in the workforce and 60% were in full-time occupations while 28% were working part-time. Only 5% of the island&#39;s workforce said they were unemployed. The major areas of employment were Hospitals, Local Government Administration, Other Social Assistance Services, Residential Care Services and Building Completion Services. The median weekly household income was $616, compared with $1,027 in Australia.</p><br>
<p>At the the population of Coochiemudlo Island was 708, 52.7% female and 47.3% male. The median age of the Coochiemudlo Island population was 52 years, 15 years above the national median of 37. 67.8% of people living in Coochiemudlo Island were born in Australia. The other top responses for country of birth were England 7.8%, New Zealand 6.1%, Germany 1%, Croatia 1%, Philippines 0.7%. 88% of people spoke only English at home; the next most common languages were 0.6% German, 0.6% Indonesian, 0.6% Serbian, 0.4% Dutch, 0.4% Swedish.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>The unspoilt sandy beaches of Coochiemudlo Island provide safe swimming for families.</p><br>
<p>Coochiemudlos southern beach (main beach) is patrolled by the surf lifesaving association. A Nippers&#39; program is also available, and caters for both on-island, and off-island children. The surf lifesavers now have their very own hall including a first-aid room.</p><br>
<p>Other facilities include:</p><br>
<p>a BMX track</p><br>
<p>a cricket pitch and football oval</p><br>
<p>a Bowls/Croquet lawn</p><br>
<p>a 9-hole golf course</p><br>
<p>2 tennis courts</p><br>
<p>a gym</p><br>
<p>a library located underneath the Community Hall</p><br>
<p>There is on the island a large Community Hall with spectacular views of Moreton Bay and the mainland. The hall provides</p><br>
<p>the community with a venue for many island activities and functions.</p><br>
<p>Also near the tennis courts and croquet green is a recreation hall. This hall is used for indoor bowls, art shows, meetings,</p><br>
<p>and special events.</p><br>
<p>Fishing is also a popular pastime, with species such as bream, whiting, flathead, flounder, tailor, cod, and snapper, amongst others, to be found in the waters around the island.</p><br>
<p>Coochie is a popular destination for sailors. As the island is surrounded on three sides by sandy beaches, there is always a sheltered beach regardless of the wind direction. Sailing craft range from sailboards, off-the-beach catamarans and dinghies to larger motor and sail yachts. A deep water anchorage and moorings are located to the south of the island near the jetty and boat ramp.</p><br>
<h2>Housing styles</h2><br>
<p>Housing styles on Coochiemudlo range from traditional 1950s fibro beach shacks, contemporary light weight beach houses, relocated Queenslander houses, and conventional suburban brick and tile.</p><br>
<p>Bittangabee Bay is a tiny, picturesque bay on the rugged and remote stretch of coastline south of Eden in New South Wales, Australia. The bay is located in Ben Boyd National Park, and there is a campground nearby. The facilities are maintained by National Parks and Wildlife Service , Merimbula office. It can be reached by an unsealed road from the Princes Highway. The bay is the only haven between Twofold Bay and Mallacoota Inlet, and passing yachts are seen anchored for the night there most evenings. It is fed by Bittangabee Creek.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Bittangabee Bay has a known history for the indigenous people of the region, and significant early European settlement.</p><br>
<p>Bittangabee Bay was known as Pertangerbee by the original occupants of the area, the Thaua/Thawa/Thauaira people of the Yuin (Murring) nation, who have lived here for over 6,000 years. It was an important camp place and teaching ground, possibly a mens area, as Bundooro, one of the aboriginal names for Green Cape, was a teaching area for young men, and believed to be a mens area. Naa-chi (now Nadgee Nature Reserve), on the other side of Green Cape to Bittangabee Bay, is the resting-place of their Rainbow Serpent, the most important totem of most Australian aboriginal people.</p><br>
<p>The Aborigines retain strong traditional and spiritual links to the land, and people in the National Park Service wish to maintain a collaborative relationship with Koori people, acknowledging their cultural beliefs and themselves adopting a philosophy of custodianship of this beautiful part of NSW.</p><br>
<p>The stone ruins at the bay date from 1844. In 1977, Kenneth McIntyre suggested the ruins were of Portuguese origin, and this romantic notion quickly established credence before it was ultimately proven incorrect by historian Michael Pearson.</p><br>
<h3>Green Cape Lighthouse</h3><br>
<p>The derelict stone storehouse at Bittangabee Bay is the only standing building within 6 kilometres (from the lighthouse and beach houses at Wonboyn), and was where supplies for Green Cape Lighthouse were left to be collected, until a passable road was built.</p><br>
<p>Bittangabee Bay is the nearest safe anchorage to Green Cape Lighthouse, built in 1881, and it is where the building materials and supplies for the lighthouse were landed, and then carted overland to the lighthouse. A wooden jetty and storeroom were built at Bittangabee Bay in 1881 by Albert Aspinall, a stonemason and builder, who won the contract to build the lighthouse. Aspinall then took five months to construct a seven kilometre-long wooden tramway through the forest and heathland to connect Bittangabee with Green Cape, when he could then commence building the light tower and houses. Materials and supplies were transported Bittangabee to the lighthouse site on wooden trolleys pulled by horses.</p><br>
<p>The Hyde Park Railroad Station is the former New York Central Railroad station located where Crum Elbow Creek flows into the Hudson River in Hyde Park, New York. A one-story wooden station was first established by the Central at the spot in 1851 by the Hudson River Railroad, connecting New York City and Albany. It was replaced by the existing building, built in a combination of the Mission and Spanish Revival styles by Warren and Wetmore, the railroad&#39;s preferred architects who had also designed Grand Central Terminal and the nearby Poughkeepsie station, in 1914.</p><br>
<p>The station saw heavy use throughout the early years of its existence, due to the proximity of estates such as the Vanderbilt Mansion and, later, President Franklin D. Roosevelt&#39;s frequent retreats to his home in Hyde Park. Roosevelt is known to have passed through the station twice during his presidency: in 1939 when he greeted King George VI and Queen Elizabeth of the United Kingdom on their 1939 visit, and posthumously in 1945 when his body was unloaded there in preparation for burial.</p><br>
<p>When passenger rail transport in the USA declined as air and auto established themselves as alternatives in mid-century, the station began to see less traffic. Regular train service was suspended in 1953, after which it may have become a flag stop. It was listed by the Central as a station until 1958, after which the outer two of the line&#39;s four tracks were torn up and the tunnel to the southbound platforms closed off. Eventually the Central sold the station building to the Town of Hyde Park, one of many assets it divested itself of as it tried to stay afloat.</p><br>
<p>Local youths began fixing the station up for use as a teen center, but they failed to finish the project. By 1975 the abandoned building had fallen into disrepair and become heavily vandalized. It was one day away from demolition when the Hudson Valley Railroad Society (HVRS) took possession, renting the station from the town for a dollar per year for fifteen years. The HVRS completed the extensive interior and exterior renovations needed, including completely restoring the tiled roof, and began converting it into a regional rail museum, raising operating funds with an annual model train show.</p><br>
<p>The tracks, fenced off for safety reasons, remain in use by CSX and Amtraks Empire Service. The station could possibly become part of an active passenger station again if the idea of extending Metro-Norths Hudson Line commuter rail service northward from its current terminus at Poughkeepsie is ever realized.</p><br>
<p>The Battle of the Espero Convoy was the first Second World War surface engagement between Italian and Allied warships. It took place southwest of Crete on 28 June 1940, after a force of seven cruisers and 16 destroyers, preparing to escort three Allied convoys to Alexandria, were informed of the presence of an Italian flotilla of three destroyers. The Italian warships were bound from Taranto to Tobruk, carrying an anti-tank army unit to North Africa.</p><br>
<h2>Background</h2><br>
<p>On 10 June 1940, Italy declared war on Britain and France. The Italian High Command (Comando Supremo) expected a British Army advance into Cyrenaica led by armoured forces, and decided that an anti-tank unit should be moved to Tobruk as soon as possible. The unit comprised ten anti-tank guns, 120 ST of ammunition, and 162 soldiers.</p><br>
<h2>Prelude</h2><br>
<p>The Italians chose three Turbine-class destroyers to transport the anti-tank unit, for their high speed (36 kn) and loading capacity. The three chosen were Espero (flagship), Zeffiro and Ostro. The Italian flotilla was commanded by Capitano di Vascello Enrico Baroni. Two smaller WWI-era escort vessels, the Pilo and the Missori, which carried 52 troops and additional supplies, departed independently for Tobruk some hours later.</p><br>
<p>At the same time, three Allied convoys—two from Malta and another from Greece—were to be brought to Alexandria, covered by seven cruisers (two light cruisers— and —and five of the 7th Cruiser Squadron: (flagship),, and ) and 16 destroyers. The British warships were commanded by Vice-Admiral John Tovey. The Allied operation was supported by Short Sunderland flying boats from Alexandria and Malta.</p><br>
<h2>Battle</h2><br>
<p>The Italian destroyers were found at noon by two Sunderlands some 50 mi west of Zante island. They were within striking range of Tovey’s 7th Squadron, so he ordered them to intercept the Italians in two divisions.</p><br>
<p>The first 6 in salvoes from the Allied cruisers were fired at 18:30 at the surprised Italian flotilla at a range of 18,000 yd. Baroni realised that—despite the best speed of his ships—they were hopelessly outgunned. He therefore decided to sacrifice Espero in order to enable the other two to escape: Espero laid smokescreens and conducted evasive manoeuvres. Zeffiro and Ostro headed safely to the southwest at full speed.</p><br>
<p>Despite heavy firing, Espero was not hit until 19:20, when the range had closed to 14,000 yd. By this time, Tovey had given up the chase of the other two destroyers. The 7th Squadron expended about 5,000 shells before Espero was sunk, after 130 minutes of fierce fighting.</p><br>
<p>A single Italian 4.7 in shell hit HMS Liverpool just 3 ft above the waterline, but caused little damage. HMAS Sydney rescued 47 men from the Italian destroyer, and six others were later found alive by an Italian submarine almost 20 days later. Captain Baroni died aboard his ship, and was posthumously awarded the Medaglia d´oro al valor militare.</p><br>
<h2>Aftermath</h2><br>
<p>Zeffiro and Ostro both reached Benghazi the next day and arrived at Tobruk shortly after. Two-thirds of the convoy had been saved. The smaller Pilo and Missori also arrived safely in Libya with their valuable cargoes after being diverted to the port of Tripoli. Conversely, the massive expenditure of shells by the British cruisers exacerbated a shortage of ammunition at Alexandria so that the planned Malta convoys were postponed for two weeks. The British cruisers had fired nearly 5,000 rounds at the Italian destroyers.</p><br>
<p>There were lessons learned by both sides after this battle. For the Allies, the battle showed that a daylight naval action at long range was unlikely to be decisive when the enemy units outmatched one&#39;s own speed. For the Italians, this was a grim lesson about the importance of well-coordinated air surveillance. Had Italian aircraft spotted the Allied cruisers before they came within range, all three destroyers would have escaped unscathed.</p><br>
<h2>Order of battle</h2><br>
<p>(F) denotes flagship</p><br>
<h3>Allies</h3><br>
<p>Vice Admiral John Tovey – 7th Cruiser squadron</p><br>
<p>Light cruisers: (F),, and.</p><br>
<h3>Italian</h3><br>
<p>Capt. Enrico Baroni – 2nd Destroyer Squadron</p><br>
<p>Destroyers: Espero (F), Ostro, Zeffiro</p><br>
<h2>Citations</h2><br>
<p>The Rhinebeck Village Historic District is located along US 9 and NY 308 in Rhinebeck, New York, United States. It is an area of 167 acre contains 272 buildings in a variety of architectural styles dating from over 200 years of the settlement&#39;s history. It was recognized as a historic district and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1979 as a cohesive area of preserved historic buildings.</p><br>
<p>Its properties were developed primarily from the Colonial era to the end of the 19th century, when the district reached its present form. Three USA presidents have passed through here, most significantly, Franklin D. Roosevelt, who chose the design for a new post office during the 1930s, and spoke at its dedication. It is now one of the district&#39;s contributing properties. Today the area has become a popular local attraction, many of them housing boutiques and other small businesses. The streets are lined with large shade trees, bluestone sidewalks and other historic features.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Due to the lot lines most of it follows, the district&#39;s boundary is irregular. It is centrally located in the village, with the bulk of the properties within it located in the residential neighborhoods to the north east of the 9-308 junction.</p><br>
<p>Starting from Route 9, the rear property lines of South Street lots, then Crystal Lake and Landsman Kill form the southern boundary all the way to the east village line. On the north side of Route 308, it follows the east side of Crosmour Drive almost to Starr Drive, then it returns to the rear lot lines on Crosmour, 308 and Beech Street. At Chestnut Street it turns to the west along the south side of the street, and then includes the houses along the north side midway down the block.</p><br>
<p>It continues along these bounds to the rear property lines along Montgomery Street (Route 9). It turns north along them to where 9 forks off Montgomery onto Spring Brook Avenue at Northern Dutchess Hospital and then crosses the street to include the properties on the west side of Montgomery, all the way down to West Market Street. It includes the northern side of West Market to the west village line, and then some of the properties on the south side of West Market. After following the rear lines along Mill Street (Route 9) down to just north of the Astor Home for Children, it crosses the road back to South Street.</p><br>
<p>The district includes several other streets, in whole or part, besides those on its boundary. Center and Livingston streets are included in their entirety. Several blocks of Mulberry and North Parsonage streets are also within district boundaries.</p><br>
<p>The area within the boundary is heavily developed. Most of it is residential, with some larger lots at the extreme points. Commercial use is concentrated on the tree-lined streets near the 9-308 junction. Larger businesses are east of the junction, with smaller storefronts in the area extending east several blocks along East Market Street (Route 308). Institutional use is represented with three churches within the district, and the town and village halls and fire station. All buildings are in a range of 19th- and early 20th-century architectural styles, from Colonial to Colonial Revival.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>European settlement in the Rhinebeck area dates to 1686, when a group of Dutch crossed the river from Kingston and bought 2,200 acre of land from the local Iroquois tribes. The name Rhinebeck is a combination of the name of the man who founded the town, Wilhelmus (William) Beekman (1623-1707), and his native town, Rhineland. Beekman was one of the original grantees of the area that became Beekmantown.</p><br>
<p>Later, Wilhelmus Beekman&#39;s son, Col. Henry Beekman (1652-1716), obtained a patent for the land, and saw a need for development to begin.The town of Beekman, Dutchess County, New York, is named for Col. Henry Beekman, who owned a grant there in 1703. He brought into the area Caspar Landsman, a miller, and William Traphagen, a builder.</p><br>
<p>In 1703 the New York colonial assembly approved money for the construction of the Kings Highway, later known as the Albany Post Road and today most of Route 9. Three years later Traphagen bought a tract of land in Beekmans patent where the Kings Highway intersected the Sepasco Indian Trail, the route today followed by Market Street. He built a house and tavern on the trail a short distance west of the Kings Highway. This was the beginning of Rhinebeck.</p><br>
<p>A decade later, in 1715, Beekman&#39;s son brought in 35 Palatine Germans who had fled religious persecution at home and had just concluded an attempt to produce naval stores for the British government on the lands of Robert Livingston to the north in what is now Columbia County. The village grew with the new arrivals. New trades established themselves, and in 1733 the Reformed Dutch Church had been built. Its first building was on the site of its current one at Mill and South streets. In 1766 the beginnings of the current Beekman Inn were erected. It has remained in operation as a hotel ever since.</p><br>
<p>In the mid-1770s, a soldier named Richard Montgomery moved into the village with his new wife, a member of the Livingston family. He had just begun to settle into life as a farmer when the Revolution began. After being elected to the New York Provincial Congress, he was commissioned a general in the Continental Army, and died at the end of 1775 in the Battle of Quebec. The cottage still stands, although it was moved to 77 Livingston Street, where it houses the local Daughters of the American Revolution chapter; the street it was on was later named in his honor.</p><br>
<p>After independence, the village continued to grow. The Town of Rhinebeck, which contains the village, was organized in 1788. The current Dutch Reformed Church was built in 1802, making it the oldest church in the village. The current route of East Market Street was laid out the same year during construction of the Ulster-Saulsbury Turnpike, later to become Route 308.</p><br>
<p>Rhinebeck continued to attract politicians. George Washington visited in 1796, dining at Bogarduss, the second Traphagen tavern, when he stayed at a nearby friends house.During the 1804 gubernatorial election, both Aaron Burr and Morgan Lewis used taverns in Rhinebeck as campaign headquarters.</p><br>
<p>The village was incorporated in 1834. Ten years later, Alexander Jackson Davis built the Henry Delamater House at 44 Montgomery Street. It still stands today, one of the best examples of the early use of the Gothic Revival style in American residential architecture.</p><br>
<p>By the 1850s, Rhinebeck had grown even further and acquired a reputation as a woodworking center. The town&#39;s name on milled products was a symbol of quality, and its furniture was shipped as far away as South Carolina. It was said to have no better in making carriages, coaches and sleighs. Some makers of clothing also achieved national prestige. The area was also acquiring a cachet as a location for the country estates of the Gilded Age wealthy.</p><br>
<p>In the late 1880s the village was visited by a president-elect. Levi P. Morton, a former congressman and ambassador to France, had settled in Bois Dore on Mill Street. Benjamin Harrison chose him to be his running mate on the 1888 Republican ticket. Harrison was visiting him in Rhinebeck later that year when word came to them that they had just been elected. Later, Morton would serve as governor.</p><br>
<p>The end of the 19th century saw a new industry center on Rhinebeck: the cultivation of violets. Roughly 20% of the village&#39;s population during the Gay Nineties was in this business in some way, and the total crop was later estimated to have exceeded a million dollars in value some years. Several of the "violet houses" built during this era survive and are located in the district.</p><br>
<p>An 1890 map of the village shows it as nearly coterminous with todays historic district. That area has remained mostly as it was at that time. A third president, Franklin D. Roosevelt, himself a native of nearby Hyde Park, would play a role in the towns history during the later years of the Great Depression when he oversaw the design process for the new post office. He had long promoted Dutch-style fieldstone as a material for public buildings in the area, and told the architects to use Henry Beekman&#39;s house (burned in a 1910 fire) as their model and some of its remaining stones for the post office.</p><br>
<h2>Preservation</h2><br>
<p>The village of Rhinebeck&#39;s zoning code creates a "special sensitivity" overlay district along Route 9 to preserve the historic character of that portion of the district, the part seen by most visitors to the town. It mandates that all new construction in residential areas preserve the appearance of a single detached dwelling, and that businesses in the area covered are not operated in a way to make it outwardly appear that they are a business.</p><br>
<p>In their current draft comprehensive plan, the village and town call for historic resources in the communities to be preserved with a historic district and formal architectural review process to ensure compatible, non-intrusive new structures and renovations. It asks that the town historian inventory all known historic sites in town, and that any eligible buildings not previously included be nominated to the National Register and its state equivalent.</p><br>
<p>Roosevelt Library is one of 41 community libraries in the Hennepin County Library System, originally part of the Minneapolis Public Library System as it is located in Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States.</p><br>
<h2>Early years</h2><br>
<p>Roosevelt Library was originally built inside and named for Roosevelt High School (named after Theodore Roosevelt) in Minneapolis&#39;s Standish neighborhood in 1922. In this way, it not only served the high school students, but also the adults of the neighborhood. In the 1920s, Standish experienced a 50% population boom consisting mainly of Swedish immigrants, so Roosevelt was available to them for language-learning and job-finding resources. However, Roosevelt soon outgrew the high school as the neighborhood flourished, so in 1926 the Minneapolis Public Library purchased a package of land directly west of Roosevelt High School for $28,000. They hired Klarquist, S.M. and Son to design the new library building. The architectural firm did so, designing a brick and wood building in the Tudor Revival style. The building was modeled after the original East Lake Community Library, also a Minneapolis library, although Roosevelt had a small amount of front yard space where East Lake did not. Upon opening the library’s hours were 10 a.m.–9 p.m., Monday–Friday and 10 a.m.–1 p.m on Saturdays. This quote from Theodore Roosevelt was included in Community Bookshelf article on the library, “After the church and the school, the free public library is the most effective influence for good in America.” It went on to state, “We hope we may justify this statement in this new neighborhood, and that the people will use our equipment freely for their enjoyment and education.” The opening day staff were: Ada N. Whiting, Librarian; Eleanor Heimark, First Assistant; Volborg Sobba, Assistant; Lessley Chilson, Assistant; Wallace Petri, Page; Mina Jacobsen, Janitress.</p><br>
<h2>Later years</h2><br>
<p>Roosevelt was open five or six days a week for most of the 20th century. Depending on library funding, it was sometimes open on Saturday and other times closed then. Fluctuations in neighborhood population and the changing demographics of the community also contributed to library usage and open hours. During World War II, librarians at Roosevelt held special story times for the children of the area, many of whom had mothers in the workforce and fathers fighting in the European or Pacific Theater. This helped the children take their minds off the war, and also helped curb rising juvenile delinquency rates in the Standish neighborhood.</p><br>
<p>Throughout the rest of the 20th century, Roosevelt’s hours and users remained steady. The library in 1962 decided to experiment with purchasing paperback books for teens. Roosevelt was selected as the pilot location for the paperback project because of its proximity to a high school. In 1973 the building gained a parking lot and air conditioning.</p><br>
<h2>Outlook 2010 options</h2><br>
<p>Roosevelt was small by 1999, as many of the other Minneapolis Public Libraries were 10,000 ft&sup2;. or greater. It also lacked a public meeting room and failed to comply with the Americans with Disabilities Act. Voters chose to support the 2000 referendum which gave money to libraries for capital improvements. In a plan drafted July, 1999 called Outlook 2010, there were four options for Roosevelt.</p><br>
<h3>Option A</h3><br>
<p>Option A had Roosevelt combining with the nearby Nokomis Community Library at an undecided location. The new building would have been 25,000 ft&sup2;. and both Roosevelt and Nokomis would close. This plan was no longer feasible when Nokomis underwent capital improvements of its own.</p><br>
<h3>Option B</h3><br>
<p>Option B included Roosevelt moving to a larger building by itself while keeping Nokomis at its current location or moving it separately. In this plan, the new building would be 10,000 ft&sup2;.</p><br>
<h3>Option C</h3><br>
<p>Option C called for major capital improvements to the original Roosevelt building, such as the addition of ramps to make it wheelchair accessible and the replacement of the furnace and water heater.</p><br>
<h3>Option D</h3><br>
<p>Option D proposed expanding Roosevelt by 5,000 ft&sup2;. along with complying it to the Americans with Disabilities Act and expanding the library’s collection greatly.</p><br>
<p>None of the Outlook 2010 plans were undertaken although what eventually was done by Hennepin County Library is sort of a combination of Options C and D. In 1997 the building was recognized as a local historic landmark and on 26 May 2000 Roosevelt was added to the National Register of Historic Places which meaning it could not be destroyed or greatly altered using federal aid without a public hearing.</p><br>
<h2>Outlook 2010 aftermath</h2><br>
<p>In 2002 a new mixed used library (close to option B) at 38th Street and 23rd Avenue was endorsed by the neighborhood advisory team but uncertain economic conditions shelved that project. More plans for renovations were made in 2005 but those were also shelved due to economics.</p><br>
<h2>Closure, reopening and renovation</h2><br>
<p>Due to funding cuts in the early 2000s, Roosevelt closed on all but three days per week. This continued until 2006 when funding cuts became even more drastic. On 29 December 2006 Roosevelt and two other Minneapolis libraries closed amid outcry from patrons and neighbors. During 2007, Minneapolis Public Library drew nearer to the merger with Hennepin County Library, who promised to reopen Roosevelt when and if the merger was approved. It was, and on 3 January 2008 Roosevelt was reopened (three days per week), now as part of the Hennepin County Library System. It closed for renovation in 2012. Roosevelt Library reopened on June 1, 2013 with a new meeting room and completely revitalized interior and mechanical systems. The new library features more public computers, including iPads for patron use within the building, a refreshed collection, a new multi-purpose room, and increased operational efficiencies with one customer service point.</p><br>
<p>The Rhea County Courthouse is a historic county courthouse in the center of Dayton, the county seat of Rhea County, Tennessee. Built in 1891, it is famous as the scene of the Scopes Trial of July 1925, in which teacher John T. Scopes faced charges for including Charles Darwin&#39;s theory of evolution in his public school lesson. The trial became a clash of titans between the lawyers William Jennings Bryan for the prosecution and Clarence Darrow for the defense, and epitomizes the tension between fundamentalism and modernism in a wide range of aspects of American society. The courthouse, now also housing a museum devoted to the trial, was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1976.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Rhea County Courthouse stands prominently in the center of Dayton, on the courthouse square bounded by 2nd and 3rd Avenues, Market Street, and Court Street. It is a three story brick building with Romanesque and Italianate features. It has a broad hip roof with a low hip-roofed tower at one corner of the main facade, and a taller square tower with an open octagonal belfry above a clock on the other. Some windows are set in round-arch openings. The building interior has many original features, including the main courtroom on the second floor, where the Scopes Monkey Trial took place.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The building was constructed in 1890-91, after Dayton was named the county seat, replacing Washington. It was designed by W. Chamberlain and Co., architects from Knoxville, Tennessee, and was built by contractors from Chattanooga.</p><br>
<p>In July 1925 the courthouse was the scene of one of the mostly widely reported trials of the 1920s, the Scopes Trial. Essentially cooked up as a publicity stunt by locals after passage of the state&#39;s Butler Act banned the teaching of biological evolution in public schools, science teacher John T. Scopes was arrested and charged with violating the act. The state was represented by the renowned orator and fundamentalist Christian icon William Jennings Bryan, and Scopes was defended by an ACLU-funded team headed by noted criminal defense lawyer Clarence Darrow. Although Scopes was convicted in a highly sensationalized trial, the culture clash between legal principles as well as fundamentalism and modernism left an enduring mark on American society. The defense called Bryan to the stand to defend fundamentalism, and successfully exposed the underlying ignorance of his views. In subsequent years, many states that had enacted similar laws repealed them.</p><br>
<h2>Rhea County Museum</h2><br>
<p>A $1-million project which restored the second-floor courtroom to the way it looked during the Scopes trial was completed in 1979. The Rhea County Museum, also called the Scopes Trial Museum, is located in the courthouse basement and contains such memorabilia as the microphone used to broadcast the trial, trial records, photographs, and an audiovisual history of the trial. Every July local people re-enact key moments of the trial in the courtroom. In front of the courthouse stands a commemorative plaque erected by the Tennessee Historical Commission:</p><br>
<p>2B 23 THE SCOPES TRIAL</p><br>
<p>Here, from July 10 to 21, 1925 JohnThomas Scopes, a County High School teacher, was tried for teaching that a man descended from a lower order of animals in violation of a lately passed state law. William Jennings Bryan assisted the prosecution; Clarence Darrow, Arthur Garfield Hays, and Dudley Field Malone the defense. Scopes was convicted.</p><br>
<p>The Rhea County Courthouse was designated a National Historic Landmark by the National Park Service in 1976. It was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972.</p><br>
<p>On October 1 2005, a statue of William Jennings Bryan was dedicated on the courthouse lawn, funded by a donation from nearby Bryan College. The statute was placed to commemorate the schools 75th anniversary. On July 14 2017, a statue of Clarence Darrow was unveiled near Bryants statue, funded by a donation from the Freedom From Religion Foundation.</p><br>
<p>Clifton Park is a public urban park and national historic district located between the Coldstream-Homestead-Montebello and Waverly neighborhoods to the west and the Belair-Edison, Lauraville, Hamilton communities to the north in the northeast section of Baltimore, Maryland, USA. It is roughly bordered by Erdman Avenue  to the northeast, Sinclair Lane to the south, Harford Road  to the northwest and Belair Road  to the southeast. The eighteen-hole Clifton Park Golf Course, which is the site of the annual Clifton Park Golf Tournament, occupies the north side of the park.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The land on which Clifton Park sits was once farmland. Built around 1803, the home was originally the summer residence of Capt. Henry Thompson, (1774-1837). Born in Sheffield, England, he came to Baltimore around 1794, and soon became a prominent figure in the newly-emerging City and its history. Became a well-known merchant, financier and company director, he also was a very public-spirited citizen and used his knowledge of horses in military matters. Serving as a cavalry officer in the Maryland Militia, of which a part was the "Baltimore Light Dragoons" which he joined in 1809 and elected captain. Later organized in 1813, the "First Baltimore Horse Artillery" who defended Baltimore from the British attack during the War of 1812 at the Battle of Baltimore with its Bombardment of Fort McHenry, the Battle of North Point in the southeastern reaches of surrounding, then rural Baltimore County on the Patapsco Neck peninsula, and the stand-off at Loudenschlagers Hill/Hampstead Hill (now Patterson Park) in East Baltimore, on September 12-13-14, 1814, celebrated later in the city/county/state as an official holiday as "Defenders Day". He was assigned by Brig. Gen. John Stricker, commander of the Third Brigade (also known as the Baltimore City Brigade) of the Maryland State Militia, to carry messages between Bladensburg, Maryland (in Prince Georges County) and the nearby national capital of Washington, D.C. during the first phase of the British attack and the tragic collapse at the Battle of Bladensburg, which resulted in the unfortunate Burning of Washington during the Chesapeake Bay campaign in August 1814. Later he and his mounted unit served as the personal bodyguard of Maj. Gen. Samuel Smith, overall commander of the State Militia under the then Governor of Maryland, Levin Winder, and the various militia forces from surrounding counties and states, including several Regular United States Army and Navy units and detachments defending Baltimore in September 1814. Along with the former Georgian/Federal style mansion of "Surrey" of Col. Joseph Sterrett, (1773-1821), commander of the 5th Maryland Regiment, (later famously known as the "Dandy Fifth"), further east of the Town, (now greatly changed/gutted/damaged/renovated and used as a community center in Armistead Gardens, off Erdman Avenue (Md. Rt. 151) and Federal Street), it is considered the only two structures besides the 1793 Flag House & Star-Spangled Banner Museum of Mary Pickersgill at East Pratt and Albemarle Streets, in Jonestown/Old Town and the Old St. Pauls Church Rectory on West Saratoga Street to be a residence still extant from the famous attack which inspired the writing of our National Anthem, "Star Spangled Banner".</p><br>
<p>Later in private and business life, Thompson served as President of the Baltimore and Harford Turnpike Company which began building the northeastern spoke road out of the City, now known as Harford Road (Md. Rt. 147). Later he was part of the Poppleton Commission under city surveyor and mapmaker Thomas Poppleton which laid out additional grids of streets and blocks for the citys future expansion and prepared a well-known map and diagram of the new sections and the larger city in 1818, resulting in the first major large scale annexation of the territory around the City known as "The Precincts" from surrounding rural Baltimore County, that year. He also served as member of the boards of directors of the Baltimore and Port Deposit Railroad, the third major Baltimore railroad chartered in Maryland and one of the first in America, (later merged with several other smaller connecting lines into the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad - eventually into the dominant northeast line, the Pennsylvania Railroad by 1881), the Bank of Baltimore - second financial institution in the city, the landmark domed Merchants Exchange Building, (largest magnificent structure then in America - designed by famed architect Benjamin Henry Latrobe, 1815-1820), (at East Lombard, Water and South Gay Streets), the Baltimore Board of Trade, and the Maryland Agricultural Society. He was honored with the position of being Marshall of the Proceedings at the Cornerstone-Laying for both the Battle Monument, (on North Calvert Street, between East Fayette and Lexington Streets), on the first Defenders Day anniversary of the engagement, September 12, 1815, and the iconic Washington Monument earlier on "Independence Day", July 4, 1815, on a prominence in "Howards Woods" just north then of the developed city. In later years, Thompson also served as the Grand Marshall of the festivities in Baltimore surrounding the return and the touring visit to America of the French patriot and American supporter, Marquis de Lafayette, former aide to commanding General George Washington and also General in our Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War in 1824. Thompson maintained ownership of the estate until about 1835, however dying two years later in 1837.</p><br>
<p>In 1838, it was bought by local merchant, financier and philanthropist Johns Hopkins, (1795-1873), for his estate (along with his city brick/marble trim Greek Revival styled mansion on West Saratoga Street between North Charles and Cathedral-Liberty-South Sharp Streets, next to and just east of the old St. Paul&#39;s Church Rectory where he later died), and was later developed with a nearby lake and a large sculpture collection.</p><br>
<p>Later, in 1858, it was converted into an Italianate villa by the locally-famous architects John Rudolph Niernsee, (1814-1885), and James Crawford Neilson, (1816-1900), with a tall landmark tower added. It was originally planned by Mr. Hopkins to locate the campus of his future bequest of The Johns Hopkins University there on that substantial property which later opened in February 1876, but was relocated by his appointed Board of Trustees and its newly recruited first President, Daniel Coit Gilman (1831-1908, served 1875-1901), for monetary reasons resulting from low values on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad company stock which was then in financial difficulties and formed the major part of the new schools endowment bequest. Also to utilize the rich research-reference academic assets and resources of the Peabody Institute (founded 1857, opened 1866), with its new east wing expansion with a visually stunning multi-level cast-iron balconies of tightly packed book stacks surmounted by a 61 - foot high heavy glass paned skylight at the George Peabody Library, opening in 1878), plus the nearby location of a possible preparatory secondary school in the Baltimore City College, the Citys well-regarded all-boys premier public high school and third oldest in America, having been founded in 1839. In addition, in order to preserve as much of the funds developed by the interest on the forbidden use of the endowments principal, to first situate itself in several downtown buildings built along North Howard and Little Ross/West Centre Streets (between West Centre and West Monument Streets in the southwest corner of the Mount Vernon-Belvedere neighborhood). There the J.H.U. remained for the first three decades of its existence. By the middle 1890s, with a divided Board and the continued lower rate of return on the Hopkins endowment which was still mostly invested in Baltimore and Ohio Railroad company stock which was still undergoing occasional financial instability and had lost considerable value, the University sold the acreage of the old "Clifton" estate to the City for use as a park for the northeast sections adding to the citys growing parks system, temporarily giving up on its dream of a larger, more spacious and distinctive campus for its burgeoning worldwide academic reputation as the "first modern university in America". It was not until about 1900, that additional efforts for a larger, more suburban campus were made once again and came to fruition through the efforts of William Wyman and others through the purchase and donation of the wooded Homewood estate (built around 1801 for his son, Charles Carroll, Jr. by Charles Carroll of Carrollton, (1737-1832), and inherited by Wyman from the sons (also known later as Charles Carroll of Homewood) estate, with its landmark Georgian/Federal-style architecture mansion, to the north along the west side of North Charles Street, adjacent to the west of the old Peabody Heights neighborhood, (later renamed Charles Village in 1967). Hopkins first new buildings at Homewood were constructed in 1914-1915 to match the red brick and white wooden trim in the colonial/Georgian/Federal style of the old mansion, and the JHU move followed during the years afterwards.</p><br>
<p>In 1916, Peabody Institute trustees gave Baltimore City "On the Trail," a 7-foot-4 bronze sculpture of a Native American man created by local artist/sculptor Edward Berge, and it was placed upon a boulder in Clifton Park. The statue is reported to have been generally overlooked by those visiting the park, though it has been subjected to periodic vandalism.</p><br>
<h2>Amenities</h2><br>
<p>The old "Clifton" mansion from when it was a farmland was once used as the pro shop at the golf course and offices for the Baltimore City Department of Recreation and Parks. Now, the headquarters of a local service based nonprofit, Civic Works, inc., are located within the Clifton Mansion. Civic Works is currently doing a $7 million renovation to the Clifton Mansion. The Clifton Mansion address is 2701 Saint Lo Drive; Baltimore, Maryland, 21213.</p><br>
<p>On the land is the Clifton Park Valve House, an 8-sided distinctive stone structure with a cone tile roof that has become a local landmark that was used beginning in 1887 as a water transporter, with eight valves for the adjacent "Lake Clifton", part of the second water supply system for Baltimore City excavated and constructed in the late 19th century. It supplied water for the whole village and water for cropping. The water works system was begun prior to the purchase of the old Thompson/Hopkins estate from the JHU Board of Trustees as a public park for the expanding northeastern city in 1894, following the second major annexation from surrounding Baltimore County in 1888.</p><br>
<p>Nearby on the edge of Clifton Park was its public water system reservoir "Lake Clifton". Later during the 1930s, on the southern edge of the park had earlier been constructed one of the new type of lower-level high schools then becoming popular during the 1920s in America known as junior high schools, a co-educational Clifton Park Junior High School was opened by the Baltimore City Public Schools (B.C.P.S.) off Harford Road.</p><br>
<p>St. Vincent de Paul Roman Catholic Church, located in the eastern downtown neighborhood of Jonestown or Old Town, at North Front Street above East Fayette Street, had its ancient Cemetery near the southeast of the future park and borders the golf course. Still owned by the Church, which is located about three miles southwest of the cemetery, it is a seven-acre burial ground for about 2,000 parishioners of mostly Irish, German and Italian descent dating back to the mid-19th century of Baltimoreans. Heavily hit by vandalism during the 1960s, it was officially closed in the early 1980s and has since fallen into disrepair. Cleanup and maintenance of the cemetery began again in mid-2010 under a newly established supporters and watchdog group, the Friends of St VIncent&#39;s Cemetery.</p><br>
<p>Clifton Park became the central area where Maryland National Guard troops were moved in and out of Baltimore during the riots of April 1968 centering in the Jonestown/Old Town commercial district and surrounding rowhouse residential neighborhood along North Gay Street, following the assassination of the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. It was there that the troops camped out during their mission. They guarded the streets against looting during the day and slept at the Park during the night hours. Dallas Arthur, a Maryland National Guard soldier, describes the situation as intense when he relates to roadblocks posted near Clifton Park.</p><br>
<p>Clifton Park once had a lake as part of the Baltimore City Department of Public Works metropolitan water system, named Lake Clifton Reservoir; this was drained in the late 1960s. On this site, Lake Clifton High School, (now referred to as the "Lake Clifton Campus"), was built and opened in September 1971, which with its distinctive modernistic architecture is the largest school campus in physical size in the Baltimore City Public Schools system and one of the most massive and most expensive in the country built up to that time. Built in response to relieve the long-time overcrowding resulting from the post-World War II "baby boom" of the 1950s-60s, the schools system undertook development, construction and opening three high schools all at the same time. Besides L.C.H.S., the others were Walbrook High School and Southwestern High School. Lake Clifton however seemed troubled from the start and had problems extending through its first decade of service from the early 1970s into the 1980s. The all-girls secondary school of Eastern High School (founded 1844), after its unfortunate 1984 closure of its landmark 1938 Jacobethan/English Tudor-style H-shaped, red-brick building with limestone trim, to the northeast on East 33rd Street and Loch Raven Boulevard (opposite Memorial Stadium) was later merged with the Lake Clifton High School in response to protests from its students, faculty, alumni and many of the surrounding community, because of the increasing amount of deferred maintenance needed on the then half-century old structure and also by that decade, student population in the city public schools was dropping and an agency determined that one of the City&#39;s then almost 25 high schools should be closed. For a number of years, the school was then known as "Lake Clifton-Eastern High School" as a historic continuation of the former long-time premier girls school. After another reorganization of the B.C.P.S. and the rearrangement of several schools in the northeast sector of the City, the institution became known as the "Lake Clifton Campus" currently comprises two small schools: Heritage High School and the REACH! Partnership School.</p><br>
<p>Clifton Park is also home to "Real Food Farm", a 6-acre urban sustainable farm managed by Civic Works, Inc. that was started in 2009. The farm aims to increase food access in the neighborhoods around the park, demonstrate the economic potential of urban farming, and provides experiential education opportunities to the students from Heritage, REACH! and other public city schools.</p><br>
<p>Clifton Park was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2007.</p><br>
<p>Loch Ròg or Loch Roag is a large sea loch on the west coast of Lewis, Outer Hebrides. It is broadly divided into East Loch Roag and West Loch Roag with other notable branches being Little Loch Roag, Loch Barragloum, Langavat and Loch Kintulavik. The Loch is dominated by the only inhabited island Great Bernera and East Loch Roag is actually referred to as Loch Bernera on early maps, most notably Murdoch MacKenzie&#39;s original Admiralty Chart from 1776. The use of West and East to differentiate the sections of the Loch appear from the original Ordnance Survey in 1850.</p><br>
<p>The rocky ground of East Loch Roag is generally 50m deep in the centre while the channel between Fuaigh Mòr and Bhacasaigh in West Loch Roag descends to over 90m. Both these lochs have had an abundant shellfish industry for centuries. The main centre for this industry being Kirkibost on Great Bernera which has processed and exported lobster, brown crab and velvet crab for many years. In the 1990s the summer season Kirkibost brown crab industry was worth over £1,000,000 ahead of a rapid decline in the 2000s. Oher major historical fishing centres around the bays of Loch Roag are Carloway, Breascleit, Valtos and Bernera Harbour.</p><br>
<p>The waters of Loch Roag are pristine and clear, and are today the source of farmed organic salmon and organic mussels, both of which are major industries in the area. The Loch is a major supplier to most British supermarkets and also exports to southern European markets. Local wildlife includes abundant seals, as well as sea eagles, herons, otters, etc.</p><br>
<p>Amongst the many islands in it are:</p><br>
<p>* Eilean Chearstaidh (Eilean Kerstay)</p><br>
<p>* Fuaigh Beag (Vuia Beg)</p><br>
<p>* Fuaigh Mòr (Vuia Mòr)</p><br>
<p>* Great Bernera</p><br>
<p>* Little Bernera</p><br>
<p>* Old Hill</p><br>
<p>* Pabaigh Mòr</p><br>
<p>* Vacsay</p><br>
<p>Thornton Reservoir is a small reservoir situated in the National Forest near the village of Thornton in Leicestershire. It has a surface area of 75 acre and a perimeter of 2.45 mi. It was originally built in 1854 when it had its own treatment works which were situated to the south of the current dam. It is now owned by Severn Trent and the water is treated a few miles away at Cropston Reservoir to which it runs via Rothley Brook. The reservoir is fed by two small streams which enter from the north via two weirs. Rothley Brook takes water away from the south.</p><br>
<p>Since 1997 the reservoir and the surrounding land has been open to the public. Facilities include a small visitor centre, a sculpture trail, a woodland walk and a game fishery. Within the visitor centre is a small cafe and a bait shop which opens at 7.30am daily. Boats can be hired from 8.30am and the most common species of fish are trout. The National Cycle Network also runs around the reservoir.</p><br>
<p>Planning for the reservoir began in 1847. The design included a dam where Locky Bridge had previously stood, the reservoir fed by Carr Brook and Thornton Brook. Behind the dam were two filtration tanks, and from there the water was carried via gravitation to a storage reservoir in Oadby. The reservoir was thought sufficient to serve Leicester&#39;s population of 58,000 at the time, delivering 1.6 million gallons per day, and was the main source of water for the city until the opening of Bradgate Reservoir in 1871. The surface area was originally calculated at 55 acres with the capacity 229 million gallons. The estimated cost of building the reservoir was £80,000.</p><br>
<p>The reservoir was taken out of use in 1982, but was opened up to the public in 1997, with paths around the edge and a trout fishery on the west bank.</p><br>
<p>Glastonbury Lake Village was an Iron Age village, situated on a crannog or man made island in the Somerset Levels, near Godney, some 3 mi north west of Glastonbury in the southwestern English county of Somerset. It has been designated as a scheduled monument.</p><br>
<p>It has been described as "the best preserved prehistoric village ever found in the United Kingdom". The site covered an area of 400 ft north to south by 300 ft east to west. It was first constructed 250 B.C. by laying down timber and clay. Wooden houses and barns were then built on the clay base and occupied by up to 200 people at any time until the village was abandoned around 50 B.C.</p><br>
<p>The site was discovered by Arthur Bulleid in 1892 and excavated over the next 15 years. Artefacts uncovered include wooden and metal objects, many of which are now on display at The Tribunal in Glastonbury High Street, and in the Museum of Somerset in Taunton. Much of the timber was left at the site and soil put back on top of it as the best way to preserve it. Surveys in the late 20th and early 21st century have shown this to be effective, however the site is still at risk because of the risk of further drying out of the soil.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The village was first built circa 250 B.C. and occupied until approximately 50 B.C. when it was abandoned, possibly due to a rise in the water level. It was built on a morass on an artificial foundation of timber filled with brushwood, bracken, rubble and clay. At least 1000 to of clay were transported to the site from higher ground around 1 km away.</p><br>
<p>The village housed people in five to seven groups of round houses, each for an extended family, with sheds and barns, made of hazel and willow covered with reeds, and surrounded either permanently or at certain times by a wooden palisade. There were gaps in the palisade and is believed by Minnitt and Coles to have been used to stabilise the clay floors rather than for defensive purposes. At its maximum occupation the village may have had 15 houses in use with a population of up to 200 people. Two distinct phases of occupation have been identified. Early houses were timber framed square or rectangular and built of oak but later buildings were circular huts. Some of the clay spreads were used for barns or animal enclosures rather than houses.</p><br>
<p>The village was close to the old course of the River Brue and was thought to be surrounded by water, hence the title "Lake Village&quot however more recent work suggests the title Swamp Village may be more appropriate as for most of the year the surrounding land was not open water. The Brue was an important water-borne trade route from central Somerset to the Severn Estuary. The village was approached by causeways up to 130 ft long and log boats have been recovered from sites close to the village at what may have been a landing stage which was repaired and rebuilt several times. Despite the wet surroundings vegetable and small domesticated and wild mammals, including beaver and otter, made up more of the diet that fish. The remains of wheat, barley and beans have also been recovered.</p><br>
<h3>Excavation</h3><br>
<p>The lake village, a crannog or man made island, was discovered in 1892 by local medical student Arthur Bulleid, whose father was a local mayor and the founder of the Glastonbury Antiquarian Society. Bulleid had heard about the lake villages in Switzerland and believed similar sites could be found in his native Somerset.</p><br>
<p>The excavation of the area began in 1892 and continued over the next 15 years, uncovering the extent of the settlement and publishing the results. From 1892 until 1899 Bulleid worked with labourers for six months of each year and spent the other six months describing and cataloguing the finds. He then left the site to complete his medical studies and returned in 1904 with Harold St George Gray to continue the excavation until 1907. The curator of the Taunton museum of the Somerset Archaeological and Natural History Society, Gray had been trained in archaeological techniques by the archaeologist Augustus Pitt Rivers.</p><br>
<p>They found remains of the village. It consisted of a series of 89 mounds from 1.2 m to 4.3 m in diameter, made up of clay laid over the boggy ground, many of which had central hearths. The whole site was surrounded by a wooden palisade made from Alder. Each of the finds from large timber to small fragments of pottery were drawn and described with some also being photographed. In 1909 the site was visited by George V while he was the Prince of Wales, along with his wife. They were given a silver replica of the Glastonbury Bowl.</p><br>
<p>Much of the timber was reburied as the best way of preserving it, and a survey in 2005 found this to have been quite successful, despite reports warning of the area drying out and the peat coverage being reduced. The site is included in the Heritage at Risk Register produced by English Heritage because of the risk to the buried timbers if the site dries out further.</p><br>
<p>Bulleid and Gray later went on to excavate a similar site at Meare Lake Village approximately 2 km south west of the Glastonbury site.</p><br>
<p>Small scale excavations were later carried out on the site by Michael Avery (unpublished), the Somerset Levels Project, Somerset County Council Heritage Service and the South West Heritage Trust. A film is available about the most recent excavations.</p><br>
<p>The landscape of the settlement has been modelled in 3D and turned into a short film. A replica of the canoe from the site has also been made and launched.</p><br>
<h2>Artefacts</h2><br>
<p>The site and the finds from it are the property of the Glastonbury Antiquarian Society. Many of the finds from the site are on display in the Glastonbury Lake Village Museum at The Tribunal in Glastonbury High Street, and in the Museum of Somerset in Taunton. The burial sites of ten new born babies were uncovered, but there was no evidence of the interment of adults from the village.</p><br>
<p>The artefacts recovered include fragments of pottery, charcoal, bone and a whetstone (a stone for sharpening blades). Later, on excavation, spinning whorls and weaving combs were found, suggesting textile production, although this may have been for domestic use rather than industry. Evidence of bronze-casting and iron-smelting were found. Fine jewellery made from bronze bone have also been found showing a high degree of craftsmanship. Files and hammer heads were examined by metallography which showed that carbon compositions were found to be generally low. In 1905 an early British tin coin was discovered, believed to be from the 1st century A.D, which was sent to the British Museum. Various other objects from the excavation are also held by the British Museum.</p><br>
<h3>Bronze bowl</h3><br>
<p>The metal "Glastonbury Bowl" was made from two sections riveted together and repaired several times over its life. The bottom half has been dated as having been constructed in the Iron Age. The upper half was probably added in the 1st century from one sheet of metal, which may have been previously used for another purpose, and the two halves riveted together.</p><br>
<h3>Wooden objects</h3><br>
<p>The site yielded a number of wooden objects preserved in the peaty soil including five wheel spokes and an unfinished nave to be used as the hub of a wheel. Woven baskets recovered from the site provided evidence of woven baskets up to 700 mm in width and 480 mm in height. A wooden frame for stretching animal skins were also recovered along with a shaker and dice made from antlers.</p><br>
<p>Representations of the houses were recreated at the nearby Peat Moors Centre, run by Somerset County Council, before its closure in 2009.</p><br>
<p>The Battle of the Cigno Convoy was a naval engagement between two British Royal Navy destroyers and two Italian Regia Marina torpedo boats which took place southeast of Marettimo island, on the early hours of 16 April 1943. The Italian units were escorting the transport ship Belluno, of 4,200 LT. The British force was fought off by the Italian units, at the cost of one torpedo boat. One of the British destroyers, disabled by Italian gunfire, had to be scuttled after the action.</p><br>
<h2>Background</h2><br>
<p>The battle was part of the daily aerial, naval and submarine campaign mounted by the Allies against Axis forces, in the spring of 1943, in order to achieve a complete naval and air supremacy around North Africa and Sicily. Their aim was to isolate and defeat the bulk of the German Afrika Corps and the Regio Esercito (Italian Royal Army) in Tunis by strangling their supply lines. The struggle was so fiercely contested that the maritime area between Italy and Africa was dubbed the "route of death".</p><br>
<p>By April, Axis merchant ship losses reached an average of 3.3 per day. The huge extension of minefields planted by both sides made surface trips against Axis shipping more unlikely than during the Libyan campaign. The supply route for the Regia Marina (Italian Royal Navy) was also shorter but the Allied air supremacy and the attrition of the war made it almost impossible to assemble large convoys. This along with a shortage of fuel, forced the Italians to use small and fast destroyers or torpedo boats to escort their cargo ships heading to Africa. The convoys were only capable of making 8 – in practice, due to the loss of the main high-speed cargo ships by 1943.</p><br>
<h2>The action</h2><br>
<p>One of these small convoys – comprising two Italian and Cassiopea escorting the 4,200 LT transport Belluno – sailed from Trapani with munitions bound for Tunis on 15 April. A rearguard escorting force composed of the Ciclone-class torpedo boat Tifone and the Spica-class Climene was scheduled to depart a couple of hours later from Palermo to reinforce the convoy. Additionally, Tifone had the secondary mission of delivering aviation fuel to Bizerte. The fuel was pumped right into her fore holds.</p><br>
<p>At 02:38 on the 16th, the forward escort spotted two British destroyers approaching – and. This was one of the few night engagements in the Mediterranean in which the British failed to take their opponents by surprise, owing to the full moon. At 2:42 Pakenham&#39;s radar picked up the Italian flotilla at a range of 7,200 yards. Aware of the incoming battle, Cigno made light signals to Tifone, whose commander ordered the convoy to reverse course. Belluno turned back to the northeast under the protection of the rear escorting force.</p><br>
<p>The exchange of fire began at 2:48. The first ship to be hit was Cigno, which was badly damaged but continued firing until sunk at 03:00 by a torpedo launched by Paladin, with the loss of 103 seamen. Pakenham had initially engaged Cigno, which was later fired at by Paladin, while Pakenham turned her attention to Cassiopea.</p><br>
<p>Cassiopea launched a torpedo at Paladin while attacking Pakenham with gunfire. Paladin successfully evaded the torpedo, but Pakenhams port side took six hits. Cassiopea, almost disabled by return fire and in flames, was assisted by her sister ship Climene, which towed her back to Trapani and later to Taranto for repairs.</p><br>
<p>After trying to reach Malta with an auxiliary engine, Pakenham broke down off Sicily and then Paladin, unable to take her in tow, scuttled her sister ship with a torpedo at 06:30 at the position 37&deg;26&prime;N latitude, 12&deg;30&prime;E longitude. The transport Belluno reached her destination safely some hours later, while Tifone unloaded her precious cargo at Bizerte.</p><br>
<p>Pocumtuck Mountain, a mountain peak west of the abandoned Catamount settlement, is technically located in Charlemont, Massachusetts. Its summit ledge features wide views of western Franklin County and northern Berkshire County. Pocumtuck Mountain is often confused with the nearby Pocumtuck Range in Deerfield, Massachusetts.</p><br>
<p>The mountain was named after the Pocumtuc Indians on October 16, 1855 during one of Catamount&#39;s Old Homes Days Festival. Such festivals were held often on the scenic mountain - including one visited by Massachusetts Governor John Davis Long.</p><br>
<p>Except for areas belonging to Catamount State forest, the ledges and surrounding land are privately owned. Trespassing for any reason is not permitted.</p><br>
<p>Emmanuel Episcopal Church is an historic Episcopal church located on the west side of USA Route 301, just north of the Rappahannock River in Port Conway, Virginia, in the United States. Emmanuel Church and its historic graveyard are located in front of Belle Grove. In 1751, future President James Madison was born at Belle Grove, the childhood home of his mother, Eleanor Rose "Nellie" Conway. On January 7, 1987, Emmanuel Church was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>National Register listing</h2><br>
<p>Emmanuel Church ** (added 1987 - Building - #86003593)</p><br>
<p>Also known as Emmanuel Episcopal Church</p><br>
<p>US 301, Port Conway</p><br>
<p>Historic Significance: Architecture/Engineering</p><br>
<p>Architect, builder, or engineer: Niernsee & Neilson</p><br>
<p>Architectural Style: Gothic Revival</p><br>
<p>Area of Significance: Architecture</p><br>
<p>Period of Significance: 1850-1874</p><br>
<p>Owner: Private</p><br>
<p>Historic Function: Religion</p><br>
<p>Historic Sub-function: Religious Structure</p><br>
<p>Current Function: Religion</p><br>
<p>Current Sub-function: Religious Structure</p><br>
<h2>Current usage</h2><br>
<p>Emmanuel Church is still in use and is one of three churches that form the Hanover-with-Brunswick Parish of the Episcopal Diocese of Virginia. The rector of the parish is the Rev. Diane Carroll. Services are held twice a month at Emmanuel.</p><br>
<p>Cayo Sur  is a small uninhabited island less than two hectares in size located in the Caribbean sea that had been disputed by Honduras and Nicaragua since 2000. The surrounding area has an abundance of fish and oil. In 2000 Nicaragua accused Honduras of putting troops on the tiny island, and one Honduran diplomat was quoted as saying the country has "cuatro gatos"  on the island. The presence of troops was later confirmed by Honduran Foreign Minister Roberto Flores. Military attachés taken to the island by Honduras claimed there were no troops on the island. In 2001, the two countries signed an agreement to ease the conflict in the presence of an Organization of American States ambassador; the case went before the International Court of Justice, which unanimously granted Honduras sovereignty over Cayo Sur and three other cays on 8 October 2007.</p><br>
<p>Magnolia Cemetery is a historic city cemetery located in Mobile, Alabama. Filled with many elaborate Victorian-era monuments, it spans more than 100 acre. It served as Mobile&#39;s primary, and almost exclusive, burial place during the 19th century. Virginia Street originally formed the southern border before the cemetery was expanded and now cuts east–west through the center of the cemetery.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Magnolia Cemetery was established by municipal ordinance on an initial 36 acre parcel outside the city limits in 1836 as Mobile&#39;s New Burial Ground. The cemetery grew to its present size with the addition of the numerous new sections.</p><br>
<p>The Jewish Rest section, also known as the Old Hebrew Burial Ground, was deeded to Congregation Shaarai Shomayim, the oldest Reform Jewish congregation in the state of Alabama, by the City of Mobile on June 22, 1841. Jewish Rest is the oldest Jewish burial ground in Alabama. The Jewish Rest section was full after only a few decades and led to the establishment of two additional Jewish cemeteries in Mobile, the Shaarai Shomayim Cemetery for the Reform congregation and the Ahavas Chesed Cemetery for the Conservative congregation.</p><br>
<p>In 1846 the city began to grant free burial plots within the cemetery to civic, labor, and religious organizations. The Coal Handlers Union, Colored Benevolent Institution Number One, Cotton Weighers Society, Draymens Relief Society, Homeless Seamen, Independent Ladies Mill and Timber Association, and the Protestant Orphan Asylum Society were among those organizations to take advantage of this policy until it was ended in 1873.</p><br>
<p>The Confederate Rest section was added on November 25, 1861 for Confederate soldiers. It was initially called Soldiers Rest. The cemetery as a whole was renamed Magnolia Cemetery on January 15, 1867.</p><br>
<p>On August 20, 1868 the 7 acre Goldsmith and Frohlichstein extension was added to the cemetery, adjacent to the Jewish Rest section. The elevated and highly desirable plots in this section eventually became the resting place for both Jews and Gentiles, and came to contain some of the more elaborate sculptures and mausolea in the entire cemetery. The cemetery was enclosed with a fence in 1883. 1913 saw the addition of a set of monumental twin Mediterranean Revival gatehouses and wrought iron gates at the George Street entrance. Small additions continued to be made to the cemetery into the 1920s, extending the earlier Goldsmith and Frohlichstein section.</p><br>
<p>With the expansion of Mobile and the establishment of large private cemeteries in the first half of the 20th century, Magnolia Cemetery began to go into decline. In 1984 the Historic Mobile Preservation Society formed the Friends of Magnolia Cemetery as a non-profit corporation.</p><br>
<p>The goals of the Friends of Magnolia Cemetery included the establishment of perpetual care for the plots, cleaning up the cemetery, removing or improving the existing vegetation, improving maintenance, restoring historic monuments and ironwork, hiring a superintendent for day-to-day operations, and surrounding the site with a new wrought iron fence. The new fence was conceived and designed by local architects Arch Winter and Thomas Karwinski. Along with its notable monuments and the prominent individuals interred, the efforts by the Friends of Magnolia Cemetery helped lead to the cemetery being placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<p>In 1997 local veterans requested that the Mobile National Cemetery section be reopened to burial with an expansion into the last city owned piece of property at the southeast corner of Ann and Virginia Streets. Upon investigation with ground-penetrating radar it was re-discovered that the proposed area of expansion had at one time been used as a paupers field for indigent burials. Although these remains had been relocated to another location years earlier, Veterans Administration rules would not permit the area to be reused for veteran burials.</p><br>
<h2>Notable monuments</h2><br>
<p>The Pomeroy family mausoleum is one of two cast iron over brick mausoleums in the cemetery. The monument was erected in 1892 by the Union Army survivors of the Battle of Fort Blakely. The annex also contains the graves of thirteen Apaches who were held as prisoners nearby at Mount Vernon Arsenal between 1887 and 1894 by the Federal government.</p><br>
<p>A sailor of the British Merchant Navy during World War II, whose grave is registered by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission, is buried here.</p><br>
<h2>Notable interments</h2><br>
<p>Arthur Pendleton Bagby, served as Governor of Alabama from 1837 to 1841. USA Minister to Russia from 1848 to 1849.</p><br>
<p>James Battle, established the renowned Battle House Hotel.</p><br>
<p>Dr. Josiah C. Nott, famous and controversial 19th century physician, surgeon, and author.</p><br>
<p>Walter D. and Bessie Morse Bellingrath, founders of Bellingrath Gardens and Home.</p><br>
<p>Braxton Bragg, served as a Confederate General during the American Civil War, also served the United States in the Seminole Wars and the Mexican-American War.</p><br>
<p>John Bragg, appointed judge of the tenth Alabama judicial circuit in 1842 and served as a USA Representative for Alabama from 1851 to 1853. He also built the Bragg-Mitchell Mansion in Mobile.</p><br>
<p>Frederick George Bromberg, served as an Alabama State Senator from 1868 to 1872 and then as a USA Representative for Alabama from 1873 to 1875.</p><br>
<p>Richard Henry Clarke, served as a USA Representative for Alabama from 1889 to 1897.</p><br>
<p>Kate Cumming, Scottish-born Confederate nurse during the American Civil War.</p><br>
<p>Edmund Strother Dargan, served as a USA Representative for Alabama from 1845 to 1847 and then as a Confederate Representative for Alabama from 1862 to 1864.</p><br>
<p>Thomas Cooper de Leon, journalist, author, and playwright. After the American Civil War he was the editor for the Mobile Register.</p><br>
<p>Robert Desha, veteran of the War of 1812 and served as a USA Representative for Tennessee from 1827 to 1831. He was also Alva Vanderbilt&#39;s maternal grandfather.</p><br>
<p>John Forsyth, Jr., USA Minister to Mexico from 1856 to 1858 and later editor of the Mobile Register.</p><br>
<p>John Gayle, Governor of Alabama from 1831 to 1835.</p><br>
<p>Adley Hogan Gladden, served as a Confederate Brigadier General during the American Civil War, also served the United States in the Seminole Wars and the Mexican-American War.</p><br>
<p>Thomas H. Herndon, served as a USA Representative for Alabama from 1879 to 1883.</p><br>
<p>Bettie Hunter, successful 19th century African American businesswoman.</p><br>
<p>John Herbert Kelly, youngest brigadier general in the Confederate States Army at the time of his promotion and one of the youngest generals to die during the war at the age of 24.</p><br>
<p>Michael Krafft, founder of the Cowbellian de Rakin mystic society.</p><br>
<p>Danville Leadbetter, served as a Confederate Brigadier General during the American Civil War.</p><br>
<p>Percy Walker, served as a USA Representative for Alabama from 1855 to 1857.</p><br>
<p>Jones Mitchell Withers, served as a Confederate Major General during the American Civil War.</p><br>
<p>Augusta Evans Wilson, Civil War author.</p><br>
<p>Klipsan Beach was the site of a station of the United States Life-Saving Service. The station buildings still remain, although they are privately owned. The station is on the National Register of Historic Places. The station&#39;s name was originally Ilwaco Beach, and only later became known as Klipsan Station. The station was one of several assigned to protect the area known as the Graveyard of the Pacific.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>On the Long Beach Peninsula, in Pacific County, Washington, about 13 miles (21 km) north of Cape Disappointment.</p><br>
<h2>Construction and architecture</h2><br>
<p>The station was established in 1891. It was built according to the "Marquette" style of life-saving stations, one of a number of standard station designs adopted by the United States Life-Saving Service. This pattern received its name from the station where it was first used, Marquette, Michigan. There were 13 other life-saving Marquette stations, their architect was Albert B. Bibb, and it is speculated that the plans were drawn up in 1889. Other Marquette stations on the West Coast include those at Yaquina Bay, the Umpqua River, Coos Bay, and the Coquille River in Oregon and at Southside, California.</p><br>
<p>The boat house was also built according to a standard United States Life-Saving Service plan, called the "witchs hat" for the designs use of a distinct octagonal ventilator with a conical roof.</p><br>
<h2>Operations</h2><br>
<h3>Volunteer operations</h3><br>
<p>The station was first started in 1889 on a volunteer basis, and called the Ilwaco Beach station. On November 3, 1891, the ship Strathblane went aground near the station. The volunteer crew was unable to get their lines out to the ship, and seven people died. As a result of this, a decision was made to put the station on a full-time professional basis.</p><br>
<h3>Professional keepers</h3><br>
<p>Richard Turk was appointed keeper on December 18, 1891 and died on December 2, 1894. William S. Lawrence was appointed keeper on January 4, 1895 and "services dispensed with" on October 9, 1897. George Jorgensen was appointed keeper on November 17, 1897 and transferred to Point Reyes on February 7, 1902. Theodore Conick was appointed keeper on that date and was still serving in 1915. Chief Warrant Officer Joseph Henderson was listed as the Chief Officer in 1929.</p><br>
<h3>Equipment</h3><br>
<p>The station was equipped with a Dobbins type lifeboat and a McClelland surfboat, which were launched into the surf from a four-wheel hand or horse-drawn carriage. The station was also equipped with a variety of rescue equipment, including the Lyle gun, the breeches buoy, and Coston flares. At times, surfmen rode horses to patrol the beaches The station could call upon the assistance of a seaside railroad, the Ilwaco Railway and Navigation Company, to move rescue boats up and down the beach to get closer to a wreck before launching.</p><br>
<h3>Use of railroad</h3><br>
<p>The Ilwaco Railway and Navigation Company railroad also took the crew of the station to wherever a vessel might have stranded on the beach along the line. Occasional special runs were made to bring on-lookers to a wreck site, and weekly excursions were made to take vacationers to watch the lifeboat rescue drills at the Klipsan Beach Station. L.A. Loomis was closely involved with the establishment of the life-saving station near to the railway line, which ran along the eastern boundary of the proposed station property. Loomis promised a siding along the northern boundary to the boathouse overlooking the ocean. A flatcar was placed there to allow transport of rescue crews and boats to points along the beach.</p><br>
<p>The railroad was used in at least one rescue, on December 19, 1896, when the German bark Potrimpos drifted ashore seven miles south of the life-saving station. The horse-drawn lifeboat was not able to get down the beach, but the railroad transported a life boat and crew to the scene of the wreck, where fourteen men were still aboard. The lifeboat was launched, and all the men were saved. A special train also brought up the life-saving crew from the next south station, Cape Disappointment, but by the time they arrive, all the men had been taken off the stricken bark.</p><br>
<p>The tracks were so close to the life-saving station that surfmen and their children could and did pose for photographs on the crude platform at the station, with the rails in foreground and the station clearly shown in the background.</p><br>
<h3>Wrecks along the North Beach</h3><br>
<p>A partial listing of wrecks along the North Beach (that is, the ocean side of the Long Beach Peninsula) during the station&#39;s operation includes, running from north to south on the beach:</p><br>
<p>schooner Solano, February 5, 1907</p><br>
<p>Glenmorag, March 19, 1896</p><br>
<p>Caoba, February 5, 1925</p><br>
<p>bark Alfa, September 19, 1924</p><br>
<p>Alice, January 15, 1909</p><br>
<p>Lenore, April 10, 1917</p><br>
<p>Strathblane, November 3, 1891</p><br>
<p>Artemsia, 1889</p><br>
<p>C.A. Klose (or Close), March 26, 1905</p><br>
<p>bark Potrimpos, December 19, 1896</p><br>
<p>steamer Point Loma, February 28, 1896</p><br>
<p>schooner Frank W. Howe, February 22, 1904</p><br>
<h2>The station now</h2><br>
<p>The station is no longer on the beach, which has receded a long way since active operations ceased. A photo from the beach when the station was active shows the beach extending to the station&#39;s watchtower and boat house. This is no longer the case. The station itself, as well as the boathouse and watchtower, remained as of 2000, and were in private ownership.</p><br>
<p>Lambs Creek Church is an historic Episcopal church located off Virginia Route 3 on Lambs Creek Road in Sealston, King George County, Virginia, in the United States. On September 22, 1972, Lamb&#39;s Creek Church was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>National Register listing</h2><br>
<p>Lamb&#39;s Creek Church ** (added 1972 - Building - #72001403)</p><br>
<p>VA 607, Sealston</p><br>
<p>Historic Significance: Event, Architecture/Engineering</p><br>
<p>Architect, builder, or engineer: Ariss, John</p><br>
<p>Architectural Style: Colonial</p><br>
<p>Area of Significance: Architecture, Religion</p><br>
<p>Period of Significance: 1750-1799</p><br>
<p>Owner: Private</p><br>
<p>Historic Function: Religion</p><br>
<p>Historic Sub-function: Religious Structure</p><br>
<p>Current Function: Religion</p><br>
<p>Current Sub-function: Religious Structure</p><br>
<h2>Current use</h2><br>
<p>Lambs Creek Church is still in occasional use and is one of four historic churches in King George County, Virginia. The current mother church of the county is St. Johns Episcopal Church near the county courthouse in King George, although ironically it is the only one of the countys historic churches not built in the colonial era (built in 1843 after the courthouses relocation). It, Emmanuel Episcopal Church (also now with occasional services) and Lambs Creek Church form the Hanover-with-Brunswick Parish of the Episcopal Diocese of Virginia. The rector of the parish is the Rev. Diane Carroll. The other active parish in King George County is St. Pauls Episcopal Church near Dahlgren, Virginia. Lambs Creek Church is available for weddings and other events. The Episcopalians of King George hold their annual homecoming service at Lambs Creek Church on the last Sunday of August. The slate-floored church is also used annually for blessing of the animals in early October.</p><br>
<p>St. Vincent de Paul Church is a historic Roman Catholic church located within the Archdiocese of Baltimore at 120 N. Front Street, Baltimore, Maryland, United States.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The church was dedicated in 1841 and is "the oldest Catholic parish church in continuous use in Baltimore."</p><br>
<p>The history of St. Vincent is entwined with the history of Baltimore itself. It was founded in 1840 by Irish workers who were building the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad and the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal. Fr. John Baptist Gildea was the first pastor when the building was opened in 1841 to parishioners. The Irish immigrants working on these landmarks were a large part of the Catholic community, though membership included those from all social ranks, even slaves. It was the fifth Roman Catholic church constructed in Baltimore, and was built to serve the ever increasing, wealthy, English-speaking Catholics in the Gay and Pratt Street area. In 1875, the church was consecrated by Archbishop James Gibbons, one of four churches so recognized in America, which placed it under the direct protection of the Holy See. The parish’s most famous son was James Cardinal Gibbons (1834-1921).</p><br>
<p>In the 1960s the church was actively involved in movements against the Vietnam War and social changes which helped to attract young activists to the parish and its causes. The church and its members are very proud of the wide variety of backgrounds and cultures that have accumulated over their long and diverse history. St. Vincent is still a growing and active church in 2007. The current pastor is Father Richard T. Lawrence.</p><br>
<h2>Structure</h2><br>
<p>The church building itself is neoclassical style with brick walls painted white to give it the appearance of wood. Inside there are cast iron columns for support. While the interior has been remodeled several times, the exterior of the church has never been altered.</p><br>
<p>The church features a slender Georgian-style brick tower, painted white, which rises to a height of 150 feet above the narthex and contrasts sharply with its surroundings. The tower rests on an octagonal base and supports three successive indented tiers (one octagonal and two cylindrical), capped by a copper-sheathed dome and twelve-foot cross.</p><br>
<p>St. Vincent De Paul Roman Catholic Church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<h2>Community services</h2><br>
<p>Besides holding masses for church members, St. Vincent is active in local Baltimore communities in many ways, providing a clothes closet and food pantry, as well as a program called "Friday Hot Meals" in which volunteers serve hot dinners to local homeless persons. The church also offers a wide variety of religious education opportunities for children, teenagers, and adults including classes, retreats, camps, workshops, and discussion groups. St Vincent is also involved in local housing needs including replacing public housing projects with row homes for families.The parish of Saint Vincent de Paul allow homeless persons to set up camp on their side yard. The most recent project is located on Pratt Street. St. Vincent was an active participant in developing the Heritage Walk, a Baltimore project, and is one of the stops on the tour. Besides being involved in local communities of Baltimore, St. Vincent also has two sisters parishes that they work to help. One is located in Nicaragua and the other in Lithuania.</p><br>
<p>Toro is an archaeological site in Suruga Ward in Shizuoka City, 130 km south of Tokyo, Japan. The remains there date to the 1st century CE, in the late Yayoi period, and was an administrative unit of the area. Discovered in 1943, it was excavated in 1947–48 and designated a Special Historic Site of Japan in 1952. Toro is also the name of the area surrounding it in the Japanese addressing system.</p><br>
<h2>Background</h2><br>
<p>Toro is notable as the first archaeological site excavated in Japan in which remains of 1st-century CE Yayoi-era wet-rice paddy fields were found. The site was discovered in 1943 during construction work on a military munitions plant in World War II, and was excavated in 1947 and 1948. In 1965 an excavation survey was conducted before the construction of Tōmei Expressway within the planned route.</p><br>
<p>As well as the agricultural remains, archaeological findings included pit-houses, refuse pits, and raised-floor buildings. Many artifacts were also unearthed. The preservation at the Toro site was so complete that a large number of 2000-year-old wooden farming tools were excavated. The site was re-excavated from 1999–2003 (Heisei 11–16),</p><br>
<p>The archaeological remains from Toro elicited such an intense interest from Japanese archaeologists that the Japanese Archaeological Association was formed to study it. Toro has been used as a type site for Yayoi culture despite the fact that the location of the settlement in the Tōkai region was peripheral to what has traditionally been considered the Yayoi formation area in northern Kyūshū.</p><br>
<h2>Site</h2><br>
<p>The total area of the Toro site is 330,000 m&sup2;. Twelve pit-houses were excavated but as the archaeologists were not able to establish the boundaries of the original Yayoi settlement, the true size of the village is unknown and may have been much larger. In addition to the houses, two raised-floor buildings were found. Archaeologists interpret these as storehouses.</p><br>
<p>The Toro pit-dwellings had a roughly 6 x living area, with a double skirting wall approximately 30 cm high around the circumference. Four wooden posts were sunk into the ground, with beams connecting at the top, and rafters radiating down to the ground level. The whole was covered in thatch. Within, the floor level was even with the outside ground, and a hearth was sunk into the floor in the center. The elevated buildings had an entrance ladder carved from a single log of wood. These buildings were apparently built of planks, using a mortise and tenon joinery method, which indicates that the builders had use of iron tools.</p><br>
<p>Approximately 30 rice paddies were uncovered, along with 370 m of associated narrow canals and waterways.</p><br>
<p>The site is now preserved as a public park with reconstructed buildings and rice fields, and is protected by the Japanese government as a National Historic Monument. A museum at the site preserves and displays many of the artifacts discovered. 775 artifacts excavated from Toro site are designated as Important Cultural Property of Japan in 2016.</p><br>
<p>The Warner Valley Ranger Station, also known as the Warner Valley Patrol Cabin and Quarters 304, is located in the southern portion of Lassen Volcanic National Park, on the access road to the Drakesbad Guest Ranch. Built in 1926, it is unusual in its choice of construction method. While it resembles a log cabin, it was built using stacked milled 2x6 lumber to form the walls. It is the only such building known to have been built in this manner in the western regions of the National Park Service system. The interlocking boards extend past each other at the corners, forming a decorative detail.</p><br>
<p>The ranger station was one of the first three building to be constructed in the park by the Park Service after the park&#39;s 1916 establishment. The other two buildings were the Summit Lake Ranger Station, also listed on the National Register of Historic Places, and the now-demolished Butte Lake Ranger Station.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The ranger station is a 1-1/2-story structure, measuring about 24 ft square. The interior features a large living room measuring 24 ft by 12 ft, with a stone fireplace. The other two downstairs rooms are a kitchen and a bedroom. There are two rooms in the attic.</p><br>
<h2>Historic designation</h2><br>
<p>The Warner Valley Ranger Station was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on April 3, 1978.</p><br>
<p>Well No. 4, Pico Canyon Oilfield, located about seven miles  west of Newhall, California, in the Santa Susana Mountains, was the first commercially successful oil well in the Western United States and is considered the birthplace of California&#39;s oil industry. Drilled in 1876, it turned nearby Newhall into a boomtown and also spawned a smaller boomtown called Mentryville adjacent to the drilling site. Well No. 4 continued in operation for 114 years until it was capped in 1990. The site was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1966, and the Mentryville ghost town is now open to the public as a historic park.</p><br>
<h2>Early history of oil drilling in California</h2><br>
<p>Following the oil strike at Drake Oil Well in Pennsylvania in 1859, there was a short-lived oil drilling boom in California, but this was wiped out in 1867 when eastern oil could be sold cheaper. At the end of the first boom, 75 companies had drilled 60 wells in California, spending $1 million to produce $60,000 worth of oil.</p><br>
<h2>Discoveries of oil in Pico Canyon</h2><br>
<p>Oil seep locations, in present-day Pico Canyon area of the northern Santa Susana Mountains, were known and used for centuries by the local Tataviam and Tongva Native Americans for medicinal and healing purposes. Various accounts exist about the Spanish-Mexican era rediscovery by non-indigenous people of oil in Pico Canyon. Some accounts credit Andrés Pico with discovering oil there in the 1850s, but the Los Angeles Times reported in 1882 as follows:"The Pico Oil Spring was discovered in January, 1865, by Ramon Peria, a Mexican hunter. One day while hunting for deer he wounded a buck. He followed the trail and found it dead near the spring. The quality of the oil in the spring attracted his attention, being of a dark, green color and very thin, and so different from anything that he had ever seen, that he concluded it must be valuable. So he notified a friend of his, Jesus Hernandez, and they located the oil claim."According to a later account, Peria gathered some of the oil in his canteen and brought it to others who recognized its value. Yet another account indicates that Perea brought a small amount of the curious substance to the Mission San Fernando, where a Dr. Gelsich recognized it as petroleum and at once formed a company to stake out claims. Perea was granted an ownership interest in an oil company for making the discovery, but he reportedly traded his interest in the company for a barrel of spirits and a $20 gold piece. After the discovery, claims were staked out, but it was not until almost five years later that the first well was struck and later still before the first commercial success.</p><br>
<h2>Well No. 4</h2><br>
<p>In 1875, the Star Oil Works, later reorganized as the California Star Oil Works Company, hired Charles Alexander Mentry (1846-1900) to supervise its drilling operations in Pico Canyon. Mentry was born in France, moved to Pennsylvania at age seven, worked in the Pennsylvania oil fields, and moved to California in 1873.</p><br>
<p>Mentry drilled three wells in 1875 and 1876 that showed promise, but the "gusher" came with the fourth well. Mentry began drilling Well No. 4 in July 1876 and struck oil on September 26, 1876, at a depth of 370 ft; the well immediately began producing 25 barrels. Mentry used his mechanical skills to create improvised tools, including a drill-stem he built out of old railroad car axles, which he purchased from the Southern Pacific and welded together. After Well No. 4 proved to be a success, Mentry constructed the first oil pipeline in California from Pico Canyon to the refinery in Newhall, later extending it 50 mi to the ocean at Ventura, California.</p><br>
<p>Well No. 4 continued producing oil for 114 years before it was finally capped in 1990. It was the longest continually operating oil well in the world. When a reporter from the Los Angeles Times visited the site in 1962, the caretaker&#39;s son took the reporter to old Well No. 4, turned the valve and reported: "Still producing after all these years... only about a barrel a week, but look how rich the oil is."</p><br>
<h3>Historic designation</h3><br>
<p>Well No. 4 was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1966. Along with the Rómulo Pico Adobe in San Fernando, Well No. 4 has the distinction of being the first site in Los Angeles County to be listed on the National Register of Historic Places and one of only two sites in the county to be so designated during the 1960s.</p><br>
<h2>Oil boom in Pico Canyon</h2><br>
<p>The success of Well No. 4 was by far the greatest of any well drilled in California and led to the states second oil drilling boom. As a result, the states oil production rose to 568,806 barrels in 1879, 1,763,215 barrels in 1880, and 4,194,102 barrels in 1881.</p><br>
<p>In 1882, the editor of the fledgling Los Angeles Times traveled on horseback to see the celebrated Pico Canyon oil wells. As he approached the camp, he noted that his horse refused to drink from the canyon&#39;s rivulet, which he found was "about half crude oil and half water." The editor described the booming oil region as follows:"There are eight wells now yielding oil, and three more in process of sinking, some in the canyon, some on the hillsides and some on the tops of the peaks, five hundred feet almost perpendicular from base to top... large boilers, heavy machinery, timber, and all the etceteras for oil mining and the comfort of the miners, have been hauled up these almost perpendicular roads... the deepest well on the mountains is a little over 1,500 feet in depth, and none have yet been sank but what have yielded oil in remunerative quantities. A 2-inch iron pipe, about seven miles (11 km) long, runs from Pico canyon to the refinery in Newhall, and through this an average of one hundred and seventy barrels of crude oil is sent every twenty-four hours..."</p><br>
<p>By 1883, Pacific Coast Oil Company (which later became Standard Oil of California) had bought out the competition in Pico Canyon and had 30 wells said to be producing 500 barrels. When the Times sent a reporter to do a follow-up story in 1883, he found a camp with its engines being run day and night, employing 80 to 100 men, mostly "robust, healthy young men from the mountain districts of Pennsylvania."</p><br>
<p>In 1895, a pamphlet issued by the State of California stated that the Pacific Coast Oil Company had 40 wells operating in Pico Canyon producing 500 barrels and one well that had produced 1,500,000 barrels.</p><br>
<h2>Mentryville</h2><br>
<p>A boomtown named Mentryville was built a short distance from Well No. 4. The town was named after Charles Alexander Mentry, who lived in the town and served as the superintendent of the Pico Canyon operations until his death in 1900. He reportedly treated the workers at Pico Canyon with dignity, and the operation never suffered a strike. When Mentry died, the entire town of more than 200 persons, except for three individuals left behind in Mentryville, traveled to Los Angeles for his funeral, bringing with them a large floral arrangement in the shape of an oil derrick.</p><br>
<p>During the 1930s, most of Mentryvilles residents left, many tearing down their houses board by board and nail by nail, and taking it all with them. By 1962, Mentryville had become a ghost town, with only a caretaker family living in Mentrys old 13-room house. A visitor to the camp that year reported that "rusted oil equipment cluttered the canyon," toppled derricks lay rotting, and the cemetery was "choked with weeds, hidden and forgotten."</p><br>
<p>In 1995, Chevron donated the Mentryville site and the surrounding 800 acre in Pico Canyon to the Santa Monica Mountains Conservancy for the. A group called the Friends of Mentryville was organized to restore the buildings and open the old town as a historic park.</p><br>
<p>Shrewsbury Peak is a mountain located in Rutland County, Vermont, in the Calvin Coolidge State Forest.</p><br>
<p>The mountain is part of the Coolidge Range.</p><br>
<p>Shrewsbury is flanked to the northwest by Little Killington.</p><br>
<p>The northeast slopes of Shrewsbury Peak drain into Madden Brook, thence into the Ottauquechee River, the Connecticut River, and into Long Island Sound in Connecticut.</p><br>
<p>The southeast slopes of Shrewsbury Peak drain into Woodward Reservoir, thence into the Ottauquechee River.</p><br>
<p>The south end of Shrewsbury Peak drains into Tinker Brook, thence into the headwaters of the Black River, another tributary of Connecticut River.</p><br>
<p>The southwest slopes of Shrewsbury Peak drain into Gould Brook, thence into the Cold River, and Otter Creek, which drains into Lake Champlain, and thence into the Richelieu River in Québec, the Saint Lawrence River, and into the Gulf of Saint Lawrence.</p><br>
<p>The west side of Shrewsbury Peak drains into Sargent Brook, thence into Gould Brook and the Cold River.</p><br>
<p>The Appalachian Trail, a 2,170-mile (3,500-km) National Scenic Trail from Georgia to Maine, and Vermont&#39;s Long Trail run through the Coolidge Range, about 1.5 mi northwest of Shrewsbury Peak.</p><br>
<p>Warner&#39;s Ranch near Warner Springs, California, was notable as a way station for large numbers of emigrants on the Southern Emigrant Trail from 1849 to 1861, as it was a stop on both the Gila River Trail and the Butterfield Overland Mail stagecoach line . It also was operated as a pioneering cattle ranch.</p><br>
<p>The property, with two adobe buildings from 1849 and 1857, was declared a California Historical Landmark in 1939,</p><br>
<p>The ranch is located 4 mi south of Warner Springs.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This area had long been inhabited by the Cupeño American Indians, who first encountered Europeans when Spanish missionaries arrived in the area. The Cupeño were forced into the colonial mission system and over time lost control of their land, although under Mexican law they were supposed to receive rights to land which they tilled and settled. They continued to live and work in the area, however.</p><br>
<p>In 1830 an American-born citizen called John Trumbull Warner left Connecticut and headed to California, passing through this valley. He worked as a fur trader and merchant in Los Angeles. By 1844, he had become a naturalized Mexican citizen and changed his name to Juan Jose Warner. He received the Rancho San Jose del Valle Mexican land grant. Warner established a successful cattle ranch.</p><br>
<p>On December 2, 1846, Stephen Watts Kearney, with a small command, reached the ranch on what proved to be his way to the Battle of San Pasqual.</p><br>
<p>More importantly, from 1849-1851, Warner operated part of the ranch to serve travelers on the Gila River Emigrant Trail (part of the Southern Trail). He opened the only trading post between New Mexico and Los Angeles on a wagon road developed after the Mexican–American War.</p><br>
<p>When California became part of the United States, new obligations for taxes were applied to the Cupeño. Many of them worked on the Warner ranch, which had a negative reputation for severe treatment of Indians. In 1851, at the beginning of the Garra Revolt, an uprising by the local Cupeño tribe under Antonio Garra, Warner was attacked at his ranch. He sent his family to Los Angeles. Some of the ranch buildings were burned, but Warner continued to operate it, until his grant was challenged by a former claimant.</p><br>
<p>Warner&#39;s Ranch was a stop on the San Antonio-San Diego Mail Line in 1857 and the Butterfield Overland Mail stagecoach line between 1858 and 1860. It was linked to San Diego by the San Diego - Fort Yuma mail route via the road through Santa Isabel to San Diego. Travelers rested here along their journey, after the trip through the desert.</p><br>
<p>During the American Civil War, Union troops established Camp Wright on the grounds of Warner&#39;s Ranch on October 18, 1861. The installation was designed to protect California from attack along the route of the emigrant travel route between Arizona and California. Due to difficulties caused by frequent high winds on the exposed position, the location of the camp was moved by Major Edwin A. Rigg, 1st California Infantry on November 23, 1861, to Oak Grove Butterfield Stage Station some 20 mi to the north, also in San Diego County.</p><br>
<p>The ranch passed through several hands, until in 1880, John G. Downey, former governor of California, became sole owner of Warner&#39;s Ranch. He started legal efforts in 1892 to evict the Cupeño. They challenged his actions under provisions of Mexican and United States law, but lost their case in the USA Supreme Court in 1901. The court ruled they were correct in their assessment of rights to the land, but had waited too long to press their claim. The case was followed closely by many citizens who had sympathy for the Cupeño. They tried to purchase their own land but were unable to raise sufficient funds. The local tribe was relocated to Pala Indian Reservation on May 12, 1903.</p><br>
<p>The first advertising for the hot springs was in 1894. Gradually a resort was developed, called Warner Hot Springs, which became popular in the 1950s.</p><br>
<p>The ranch house was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1961. The property holds the remnants of the 1849 adobe ranch house and the Restored 1857 Carillo Adobe and barn which was the original Butterfield Stage Station and Trading Post.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>The historic portion includes an adobe ranch house and barn. The Ranch House has been restored and open to the public on weekends 12PM to 4PM and by appointment.</p><br>
<p>Oak Grove Butterfield Stage Station is located in the western foothills of the Laguna Mountains, in northern San Diego County, California. It is located on State Route 79, 13 mi northwest of Warner Springs and Warner&#39;s Ranch. The station was built on the site of Camp Wright, an 1860s Civil War outpost.</p><br>
<h2>Camp Wright</h2><br>
<p>During the American Civil War, Camp Wright was a Union Army outpost in the Pacific Coast Theater of the American Civil War. It was established to protect the route to Fort Yuma on the Colorado River, and intercept secessionist sympathizers traveling to the east to join the Confederate Army. A detachment of California Volunteer cavalry and infantry first established Camp Wright at Warner&#39;s Ranch near Warner Springs, in October 1861. The cold and windy conditions in the higher altitude of the exposed San Jose Valley caused the commander change its site to the more sheltered Oak Grove location in November.</p><br>
<p>At about the same time, the Dan Showalter party of secessionists were attempting to avoid the post and make their way across the desert to join the Confederate Army in Texas. They were pursued from Temecula by a 1st Regiment California Volunteer Cavalry patrol from Camp Wright, intercepted in the hills west of the San Jose Valley (site of Warner&#39;s Ranch) with the support of a 1st California Infantry detachment from the camp, and captured without shots being fired November 20–29, 1861. After being imprisoned at Fort Yuma, Showalter and the others were released upon swearing loyalty to the Union. They later made their way to the Confederacy.</p><br>
<p>For a short time in March 1862 Camp Wright was the headquarters of the 5th Regiment California Volunteer Infantry before it moved on. Used for the rest of the war as a transit camp for troops moving along the road to and from New Mexico Territory and Arizona Territory, the camp was abandoned in 1866.</p><br>
<p>The Oak Grove Butterfield Stage Station, in operation between 1858 and 1860, is the only surviving station of the Butterfield Overland Mail stagecoach line across the Western United States. The adobe building the stagecoach station used was built in 1858, and on the former site of Camp Wright (1861-1862). It was a stop between Los Angeles and Fort Yuma on the San Francisco to St. Louis route. It is a well-preserved one-story adobe building among California oak woodlands.</p><br>
<h2>Historic Landmarks</h2><br>
<p>The site of Camp Wright was registered as a California Historical Landmark in 1950.</p><br>
<p>The Oak Grove Butterfield Stage Station on its site was registered as a separate California Historical Landmark in 1952. The location of another nearby station at Warner&#39;s Ranch, is also a National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<p>Donjek Glacier  is located in Kluane National Park, in Yukon, Canada, on the east side of the St. Elias Mountains. Donjek Glacier is about 35 mi long and extends into the Donyek River Valley 3,500 ft to its terminus. Centuries ago Donjek Glacier formed a dam, creating Donjek Lake which is estimated to have been 230 x 106 m.</p><br>
<p>In 1970 a study was performed at the terminus of the glacier to determine its position during the Holocene climatic optimum but the study found no evidence in the valley that the glacier had retreated from the Donyek River Valley. However there is evidence that the glacier had retreated before it advanced during the neoglaciation. Near the river bed there is also an area of 4 - high mounds whose surfaces have been worn by the river. Inside the mounds there is a large amount of groundmass, which indicates the mounds may have been formed of till originally. This suggests Donjek Glacier was much larger than it is now as the mounds would have gone through much erosion.</p><br>
<p>In 1978 Donjek Glacier went through a minor surge but failed to block the Donjek River. In 1998 a subglacial tunnel in Donjek Glacier collapsed after an outbreak of water flooded the area. The collapse created a 50 m wide ice canyon.</p><br>
<p>Bolton Mountain is a mountain located in Chittenden County, Vermont. Bolton is flanked to the north by Mount Mayo.</p><br>
<p>Bolton Mountain stands within the watershed of Lake Champlain, which drains into Canada&#39;s Richelieu River, the Saint Lawrence River, and into the Gulf of Saint Lawrence. The northeast slopes of Bolton Mountain drain into Miller Brook, thence into the Little River, the Winooski River, and into Lake Champlain. The southeast slopes of Bolton Mountain drain into Cotton Brook, thence into the Little River. The south end of Bolton drains into Joiner Brook, thence into the Winooski River. The west slopes of Bolton drain into Mill Brook, thence into the Winooski River. The northwest slopes of Bolton drain into Lee River, thence into Browns River, the Lamoille River, and into Lake Champlain.</p><br>
<p>The Long Trail, a 272-mile (438-km) hiking trail running the length of Vermont, crosses the summit of Bolton Mountain.</p><br>
<p>The Wadsworth Mansion at Long Hill Estate is located at 421 Wadsworth Street in Middletown, Connecticut. It is a 16,000 ft&sup2; classical revival house situated on 103 acre wooded area. It is currently owned by the City of Middletown and is operated by the Long Hill Estate Authority. The mansion is the centerpiece of the Wadsworth Estate Historic District of 270 acre, which includes the mansion&#39;s associated outbuildings, the Middletown portion of Wadsworth Falls State Park, the Nehemiah Hubbard House, and several barns and farmhouses along Laurel Grove Road.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>From its formal classical nucleus to the naturalized wilderness of its forest, literally every square foot of the estate was shaped by the ideas of Colonel Clarence S. Wadsworth and his architects. After marrying Katharine Fearing Hubbard, Col. Wadsworth began amassing land in the western part of Middletown that would eventually become his 600 acre estate. Starting in 1900, thousands of trees and shrubs were planted to change pastures and orchards into a naturalistic woodland setting around the mansion. Dense nursery plantations were established and mature specimen trees were planted. Some pasturage was left in its natural state and open areas were set aside for a lawn tennis court, the great lawn south of the mansion, and formal gardens. John Charles Olmsted played a major role in the design of the estate. The full extent of Olmsteds influence on the final design is not really known, but the firms well known approach to landscape is evident.</p><br>
<p>The mansion&#39;s architect was Francis Hoppin, who was classically trained at Brown University, M.I.T., and the Ecole des Beaux-Arts in Paris. He became known for his country estates, most notably The Mount, Edith Wharton’s 1902 home in Lenox, Massachusetts.</p><br>
<p>The contract for the house was let to the Dennis O’Brien Construction company, a Middletown firm, at a cost of $90,000.00, a considerable sum even then. The use of reinforced structural concrete and fireproofing, considered a relatively new technology at the time, had rarely been used in residential buildings. Construction of the house began in 1908 and was ‘completed’ around 1911.</p><br>
<p>The Wadsworth family was in residence at Long Hill in the spring and fall, but maintained homes in New York, Palm Beach, Bar Harbor, Chicago, and Bermuda. The Colonel died in 1941, bequeathing the estate to the Rockfall Corporation, a philanthropic, non-profit organization he established in 1935, devoted to the establishment and preservation of woodlands, wild lands, and open space. In 1942 the Rockfall Foundation honored his wishes by giving 267 acre on the west side of Laurel Grove Road to the State of Connecticut to become Wadsworth Falls State Park. The Wadsworth family maintained Long Hill until 1947, when it was sold to Our Lady of the Cenacle, a Roman Catholic religious institute who used it as a retreat center for 40 years. During that time the house was expanded and the land was subdivided. After being sold to a developer in 1986, the estate was resold to another developer who planned to subdivide it into housing lots. His plans failed and he filed for bankruptcy in 1988. The bank that repossessed the estate did not adequately secure the building and it was not long before vandals, satanic worshippers, and homeless people frequented the house. In 1990 a fire was started in the East Ballroom that nearly destroyed the house. The heat was so intense that the steel used in the west side of the house punctured through the concrete. Had the Colonel not used reinforced concrete the structure would not have survived.</p><br>
<p>In 1994 the City of Middletown purchased the estate and the remaining 103 acre for $1,000,000.00. Over the next two years the city evaluated and developed plans to restore the building and grounds. On June 25, 1996, the residents of Middletown approved a referendum for bond funding to rehabilitate the buildings and landscape. The project architect was David Scott Parker of Southport, Connecticut. The construction contractor was Kronenberger and Sons Restoration, a Middletown company specializing in the restoration of old structures. Due to unforeseen work, the costs of the rehabilitation were greater than budgeted, and the citizens approved additional bond funding in 1999. On December 30, 1999, the building received a Certificate of Occupancy just in time to open for a millennium wedding celebration. Over $5.6 million had been expended to restore the mansion.</p><br>
<p>The public can take guided tours of the mansion on Wednesday afternoons. The grounds and trails are open daily.</p><br>
<h2>Things to do</h2><br>
<p>The mansion is a great place to hold events such as weddings. It contains beautiful areas for dining and dancing at the reception and the gardens are a lovely place for a ceremony. The mansion also hosts numerous local events, such as a Holiday Craft Fair, Halloween Party, and Wedding Vendor Show for prospective brides. The mansion is open for tours on Wednesdays from 2:00 to 4:00 PM. The mansion&#39;s grounds are beautiful and are open to walkers, runners, hikers, and picnickers. There are two trails: the Perimeter Trail, and the Inner Trail. Spots are marked along the trails with the history of the area, and the trails range from flat to rugged. There are several small streams and a small pond on the property that are lovely spots to take pictures. In addition to native plants, there are also a host of exotic plants along the grounds. Overall, it is a wonderful place to spend a quiet and relaxing afternoon.</p><br>
<p>The Seven Sisters, part of the Holyoke Range and located within the Pioneer Valley region of Massachusetts, are a series of basalt ridgeline knobs between Mount Holyoke and Mount Hitchcock . The knobs offer scenic clifftop views interspersed with oak savanna woodlands. The highest "sister" has an elevation of 945 ft and stands 800 ft above the valley below. The terrain is very rugged; a continuous walk along the ridgeline includes an overall elevation change of 3,700 ft. The Seven Sisters are traversed by the Metacomet-Monadnock Trail and is part of the New England National Scenic Trail</p><br>
<p>The Seven Sisters are the location of the Seven Sisters Trail Race every spring, a twelve-mile (19 km) "out-and-back" run that often leaves its runners bloody, bruised and exhausted.</p><br>
<p>In response to a proposed suburban development on the Seven Sisters in the late 1990s, several non-profit groups and local governments worked together to block construction and acquire the ridgeline for the J.A. Skinner State Park.</p><br>
<p>Coincidentally, the seven sisters are near two of the Seven Sisters Colleges.</p><br>
<p>The Santa Monica Looff Hippodrome is located on the Newcomb Pier adjacent to the Santa Monica Pier in Santa Monica, California. It was designed and built in 1916 by Charles I. D. Looff and his son Arthur to hold a Looff Carousel. Looff&#39;s carousel was housed at the Hippodrome until it was sold in 1939. It was replaced by Philadelphia Toboggan Company Carousel #62, which was moved from the Ocean Park Pier. The building remains a rare example of structures that used to be on the amusement pier, and scenes were filmed therein for the 1973 award-winning film, The Sting. Since 1977, the carousel has been owned by the city, and was restored from 1977 through 1981.</p><br>
<h2>History of the Carousel & Hippodrome</h2><br>
<h3>The Looff Years (1910s-30s)</h3><br>
<p>On June 12, 1916 the Looff Hippodrome opened its doors for the first time. It and its carousel were part of Looff&#39;s new amusement park "Pleasure Pier," on a short, wide pier adjacent to the long, narrow Santa Monica Pier.</p><br>
<h3>The Newcomb Years (1940s-60s)</h3><br>
<p>When the war ended (WWII), Walter Newcomb found himself in an enviable position. The amusement business was expected to see a great surge with the return of the country&#39;s military personnel and a general feeling of national pride. With the closure of the Venice Pier reducing his competition, he relocated his Venice-based carousel into the old Looff Hippodrome.</p><br>
<h3>Threats, storms, and restoration (1970s-90s)</h3><br>
<p>Over the next several decades the city of Santa Monica proposed various plans to tear down Newcomb Pier, and with it the Hippodrome. The city council approved a plan to replace the pier with a resort island in Santa Monica Bay. Local activists formed Save Santa Monica Bay and shot down that plan, and in 1973 the city formally revoked a standing order to demolish the pier. The city acquired ownership of the pier in summer 1974. In the 1980s it was almost destroyed by winter storms.</p><br>
<p>In 1983 the city formed a Pier Restoration and Development Task Force (now the Pier Restoration Corporation), tasked with returning the pier to its former glory. In 1989 the Pier Restoration Corporation decided to "make the pier a year-round commercial development with amusement rides, gift shops, nightclubs with live entertainment and restaurants" that would be "reminiscent of its heyday in the 1920s and 1930s". The Hippodrome was restored and the Carousel was rebuilt inside it. The current 2 acre Pacific Park opened in 1996 as a full-scale family amusement park.</p><br>
<p>Santa Cruz Looff Carousel and Roller Coaster On The Beach Boardwalk is a National Historic Landmark composed of two parts, a Looff carousel and the Giant Dipper wooden roller coaster, at Santa Cruz Beach Boardwalk.</p><br>
<h2>Looff Carousel</h2><br>
<p>The Looff Carousel includes a brass ring dispenser. Riders on the outside horses can reach out and try to grab rings which then get tossed at the target which is a large clown&#39;s mouth. It is one of the only ring dispeners still operating in the world. Sometimes, riders keep the rings to remember their visit.</p><br>
<p>The Looff family was one of the major early manufacturers of carousels, including this 1911 example. Only five other intact Looff carousels remain in the United States. The 1924 Giant Dipper roller coaster is the older of the two large, wooden scaffolded roller coasters remaining on the West Coast.</p><br>
<p>The Looff Carousel and Giant Dipper roller coaster were both declared National Historic Landmarks in 1987.</p><br>
<h2>Giant Dipper wooden roller coaster</h2><br>
<p>The Giant Dipper is a classic wooden roller coaster that still provides entertainment over 105 years after it debuted.</p><br>
<p>Crater Lake Superintendent&#39;s Residence, is "an impressive structure of massive boulders and heavy-handed woodwork" at Crater Lake National Park</p><br>
<h2>Location, Layout & Amenities</h2><br>
<p>The park Superintendent&#39;s Residence is located at north end of Munson Valley Historic District (NRHP #88002622). It was constructed in 1933. The building’s footprint is 33 by with a rustic stone superstructure and wood-shake roof. The first floor includes an entry hall, living room with lava-rock fireplace, a dining room, kitchen, and bedroom with adjoining bathroom. The second floor has four additional bedrooms and two bathrooms. The building was framed in Douglas fir and the roof covered with cedar shakes.</p><br>
<p>Today, the building houses part of the park’s Science and Learning Center. It opened its doors on August 26, 2006. The Superintendent&#39;s House was completely restored and retrofitted for safety in order to become useful once more to serve scientists and students in studies pertaining to Crater Lake and the surrounding area. The main house is used as library, meeting space, and offices and is furnished with the original Imperial Monterey furniture. An adjacent secondary building serves as a bunkhouse for visitors, and houses a mixture of reproduction and original Imperial Monterey furniture. The reproduction furniture was created as part of a graduate student project by two students from the Oregon College of Art and Craft.</p><br>
<h2>Furnishings</h2><br>
<p>The Imperial Monterey furniture line conserved for Crater Lake National Park was purchased by the NPS through Meier & Frank in Portland, Oregon. It is one of two largest complete lines known in existence in a public place, the other being a line of Mason Monterey furniture just a few hours away at the Oregon Caves National Monument. The Imperial furniture line is one of the best known of the secondary Monterey lines, made in Los Angeles, California in the early 1930s. The Imperial line utilized mahogany as their primary wood, usually stained dark brown with a silvery sheen, created by grain filler, probably silex or calcium chloride. The line was solid and heavy, accented by top quality ironwork. Originally the line was upholstered in a multicolored cotton weave in a fiesta-influenced pattern. The restoration show covers chosen were rich red and cordovan colored waxed top grain aniline leathers, which was also appropriate to the time.</p><br>
<p>The Old Chief Joseph Gravesite, also known as Nez Perce Traditional Site, Wallowa Lake, Chief Joseph Cemetery and Joseph National Indian Cemetery is a Native American cemetery near Joseph, Oregon. The area was also a traditional campsite of the Nez Perce and may be archaeologically significant.</p><br>
<p>It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1985, listed as Wallowa Lake Site. It is a component of the Nez Perce National Historical Park.</p><br>
<p>It is the burial place of Old Chief Joseph, the father of Chief Joseph. When Old Joseph died in 1871, he had a traditional burial at the forks of the Lostine and Wallowa rivers. In 1886 his grave was desecrated by local property owners and his skull was removed as a souvenir. In 1926, the remains of the elder Chief Joseph were reburied. His grave is marked by a tall stone marker bearing the legend, "To The Memory of Old Chief Joseph, Died 1870." The cemetery is a sacred place for the Nez Perce people.</p><br>
<p>Round Mountain, a mountain of the Snowy Range, a spur of the Great Dividing Range, is located on the Northern Tablelands in the New England region in New South Wales, Australia.</p><br>
<p>With an elevation of 1,586 m above sea level, Round Mountain is the highest peak of the Snowy Range which forms part of the eastern escarpment of the Northern Tablelands. The mountain is located in Cathedral Rock National Park, about 72 km east of and 63 km west of, and 10 km northwest of the better known Point Lookout, in New England National Park. It is located a few kilometres west of the small settlement of. The nearest sealed road is the Waterfall Way, approximately 6.5 km from the mountain peak.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The northern slopes of Round Mountain are drained by the Guy Fawkes River which flows over the Ebor Falls and eventually into the Clarence River. The south slopes of Round Mountain are drained by the Styx River which flows to the Macleay River and the Oaky River which drains into the Chandler River.</p><br>
<p>A radar air navigation station, for the control and guidance of aircraft, is located on the summit of Round Mountain.</p><br>
<p>Point Lookout, a mountain on the Snowy Range, a spur of the Great Dividing Range, is located in the New England National Park on the eastern edge of the Northern Tablelands in the New England region of New South Wales, Australia.</p><br>
<p>With an altitude of 1,564 m above sea level, Point Lookout is the second highest peak in the region. During cold spells the mountain may receive a light dusting of snow.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Point Lookout is also the name of the main visitor location in the New England National Park. The Point Lookout Road is accessed via Waterfall Way and is 85 km east of and 75 km from, near. The lookouts have views east across the Bellinger River valley, out to the more developed areas of the north coast of New South Wales and the Tasman Sea on a clear day.</p><br>
<p>On the escarpment only 10 minutes walk south is Banksia Point. There are a number of cabins and a hut here. These are available from the National Parks and Wildlife Service for short term stays in the park.</p><br>
<p>The Round Mountain, one of three peaks of the same name in the region, is a mountain located on the Main Range of the Snowy Mountains, part of the Great Dividing Range, in southeastern New South Wales, Australia.</p><br>
<p>With an elevation of 1,756 m above sea level, Round Mountain is situated on a high point on the watershed between the Tumut River and Tooma River catchments. The summit is located close to the Khancoban-Cabramurra Road. A major fire trail running from the main road, makes Round Mountain a popular starting location for hiking and cross-country skiing expeditions.</p><br>
<p>Similar to other peaks in the area, it is covered by scrub on its lower slopes and in the more elevated areas it is clear and grassy.</p><br>
<p>The other Round Mountain peaks are located at 36&deg;32&prime;S latitude, 148&deg;25&prime;E longitude and 36&deg;14&prime;S latitude, 148&deg;34&prime;E longitude.</p><br>
<p>The Vanoise massif is a mountain range of the Graian Alps, located in the Western Alps. After the Mont Blanc Massif and the Massif des Écrins it is the third highest massif in France, reaching a height of 3,885m at the summit of Grande Casse. It lies between Tarentaise Valley to the north and the Maurienne valley in the south. The range is the site of Frances first National Park in 1963, the Vanoise National Park. The ski resorts of Tignes and Val-dIsère and the 2,770m high Col de l&#39;Iseran are located in the eastern part of the range.</p><br>
<h2>Principal summits</h2><br>
<p>The principal summits of the Vanoise massif are:</p><br>
<p>Grande Casse, 3,855 m,</p><br>
<p>Mont Pourri, 3,779 m</p><br>
<p>Dent Parrachée, 3,697 m</p><br>
<p>Grande Motte, 3,653 m</p><br>
<p>Pointe de la Fournache, 3,642 m</p><br>
<p>Dôme de la Sache, 3,601 m</p><br>
<p>Dôme de l&#39;Arpont, 3,601 m</p><br>
<p>Dômes de la Vanoise, 3,586 m</p><br>
<p>Dôme de Chasseforêt, 3,586 m</p><br>
<p>Grand Roc Noir, 3,582 m</p><br>
<p>Dôme des Nants, 3,570 m</p><br>
<p>Aiguille de Péclet 3,561 m</p><br>
<p>Mont Turia, 3,550 m</p><br>
<p>Aiguille de Polset, 3,534 m</p><br>
<p>Mont de Gébroulaz, 3,511 m</p><br>
<p>Pointes du Châtelard 3,479 m</p><br>
<p>Dôme des Platières, 3,473 m</p><br>
<p>Roc des Saints Pères, 3,470 m</p><br>
<p>Pointe de la Sana, 3,436 m</p><br>
<p>Pointe de l&#39;Échelle, 3,422 m</p><br>
<p>Pointe du Bouchet, 3,420 m</p><br>
<p>Bellecôte, 3,417 m</p><br>
<p>Grand Bec, 3,398 m</p><br>
<p>Pointe du Vallonnet, 3,372 m</p><br>
<p>Pointe Rénod, 3,368 m</p><br>
<p>Dôme des Sonnailles, 3,361 m</p><br>
<p>Pointe de Claret, 3,355 m</p><br>
<p>Pointe de Méan Martin, 3,330 m</p><br>
<p>Dôme de Polset, 3,326 m</p><br>
<p>Dôme des Pichères, 3,319 m</p><br>
<p>Grand Roc, 3,316 m</p><br>
<p>Roche Chevrière, 3,281 m</p><br>
<p>Pointe de Thorens, 3,266 m</p><br>
<p>Mont Pelve, 3,261 m</p><br>
<p>Épaule du Bouchet, 3,250 m</p><br>
<p>Pointe des Buffettes, 3,233 m</p><br>
<p>Aiguille Rouge, 3,227 m</p><br>
<p>Pointe de la Réchasse, 3,212 m</p><br>
<p>Pointe du Dard, 3,206 m</p><br>
<p>Aiguille de la Vanoise, 2,796 m</p><br>
<h2>Principal glaciers</h2><br>
<p>Glaciers de la Gurraz</p><br>
<p>Glacier de la Savinaz</p><br>
<p>Glacier de la Grande Motte</p><br>
<p>Glacier de Prémou</p><br>
<p>Glacier des Volnets</p><br>
<p>Glacier de la Grande Casse</p><br>
<p>Glacier de la Leisse</p><br>
<p>Glacier des Fours</p><br>
<p>Glacier de Méan Martin</p><br>
<p>Glacier du Vallonnet</p><br>
<p>Glaciers de la Vanoise (Glacier du Pelve, Glacier de l&#39;Arpont, Glacier de la Mahure)</p><br>
<p>Glacier de Gébroulaz</p><br>
<p>Glacier de Thorens</p><br>
<p>Glacier du Bouchet</p><br>
<p>Glacier de Chavière</p><br>
<p>Glacier de Polset</p><br>
<p>Glacier du Geay</p><br>
<p>Tooma River, a perennial stream that has had its flow diverted as a result of the Snowy Mountains Scheme, is part of the Murray catchment within the Murray–Darling basin and is located in the Australian Alpine region of New South Wales and Victoria, Australia.</p><br>
<h2>Course and features</h2><br>
<p>The river rises near Mount Jagungal on the western slopes of the Snowy Mountains and its natural flow drains generally north, then west before turning south, joined by eight tributaries including the Tumbarumba Creek, and reaching its confluence with the Murray River between the villages of Tooma and Tintaldra; descending 1,350 m over its 74 km course.</p><br>
<p>The Tooma Reservoir, part of the Snowy Mountains Scheme, captures water in the headwaters of the Tooma River, and diverts the water to the Tumut Pondage on the Tumut River, where the water is used to generate electricity in the sequence of hydro-electric power stations along the length of the Tumut River. This diversion results in a transfer of water from the Murray River catchment (which includes the Tooma River), to the Murrumbidgee River catchment (which includes the Tumut River). However, a compensating opposite transfer from the Murrumbidgee to the Murray basins is made using a different part of the Snowy Mountains Scheme.</p><br>
<p>Guy Fawkes River, a perennial stream that is part of the Clarence River catchment, is in the New England and Northern Tablelands districts of New South Wales, Australia.</p><br>
<h2>Course and features</h2><br>
<p>Guy Fawkes River rises below Majors Point, on the northern slopes of the Snowy Range, an eastern spur of the Great Dividing Range, east of the village of Ebor. The river spills over the 115 m columned basalt rock Ebor Falls, and enters a deep valley, joined by four tributaries, including Aberfoyle River, flowing generally northward and eventually forming its confluence with the Sara River to form the Boyd River. The river descends 1,110 m over its 101 km course; and passes below Round Mountain, the highest peak of the Northern Tablelands.</p><br>
<p>The river&#39;s course generally runs from the south to north along the valley of the Demon Fault Line, within the Guy Fawkes River National Park. Adjoining the national park are the Guy Fawkes River Nature Reserve and Guy Fawkes River State Conservation Area.</p><br>
<p>The Bicentennial National Trail runs along the western side of Guy Fawkes River on what is a travelling stock route.</p><br>
<p>The largest of the Grevillea genus, Southern Silky Oak, or Grevillea robusta, is distributed in the Guy Fawkes River area, which is the southern limit of its natural environment. It has attractive orange-yellow flowers and may reach up to 35 m with a trunk diameter in excess of 1 m.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>The river is named after Guy Fawkes. Major Edward Parke named the Guy Fawkes River after camping nearby on Guy Fawkes Day, 5 November 1845.</p><br>
